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public class Circle extends Shape { |
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private double radius; |
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public Circle(double radius) { |
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this.radius = radius; |
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} |
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@Override |
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public double getArea() { |
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return Math.PI * radius * radius; |
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} |
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} |
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public class Rectangle extends Shape { |
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private double width; |
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private double height; |
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public Rectangle(double width, double height) { |
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this.width = width; |
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this.height = height; |
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} |
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@Override |
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public double getArea() { |
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return width * height; |
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} |
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} |
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public abstract class Shape { |
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public abstract double getArea(); |
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} |
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public class ShapeUtil { |
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public static void printArea(Shape shape) { |
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System.out.println("图形面积为:" + shape.getArea()); |
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} |
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public static void main(String[] args) { |
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Shape circle = new Circle(5); |
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Shape rectangle = new Rectangle(4, 6); |
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Shape triangle = new Triangle(3, 8); |
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printArea(circle); |
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printArea(rectangle); |
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printArea(triangle); |
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} |
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} |
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public class Triangle extends Shape { |
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private double base; |
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private double height; |
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public Triangle(double base, double height) { |
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this.base = base; |
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this.height = height; |
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} |
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@Override |
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public double getArea() { |
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return 0.5 * base * height; |
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} |
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} |
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“组合 vs 继承”问题解析 |
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维度 继承 (Inheritance) 组合 (Composition) |
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定义 子类“是一种”父类(is-a 关系),复用父类代码 类中包含其他类的对象(has-a 关系),复用对象功能 |
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耦合度 高,子类与父类强绑定,父类修改会影响所有子类 低,仅依赖对象的接口,修改不影响调用方 |
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灵活性 差,继承关系在编译期确定,无法动态修改 好,可在运行时替换组合的对象,适配不同场景 |
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适用场景 类之间有明确的层级关系,且父类接口稳定 仅需复用功能,无需共享接口,或需要动态切换实现 |
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本实验中的选择 使用继承,因为 Circle/Rectangle/Triangle 本质上“是一种” Shape,且需要统一的 getArea() 接口实现多态 不适合本场景,若用组合则无法实现统一的多态处理 |
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1. AI 使用情况:使用 AI 辅助梳理了抽象类与多态的实现逻辑,快速完成了基础代码框架和类图设计,并辅助理解了组合与继承的核心区别。 |
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2. 核心收获:通过重构,实现了图形的统一处理,新增图形时只需继承 Shape 类,无需修改 ShapeUtil 代码,符合开闭原则。 |
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3. 反思:继承适合有层级关系的场景,但过度继承会导致类爆炸;组合更灵活,但需要额外的接口抽象,实际开发中应优先考虑组合,必要时结合继承。 |
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类图说明 |
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plaintext |
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┌─────────────┐ |
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│ Shape │ (抽象类) |
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├─────────────┤ |
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│+getArea():double│ |
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└──────┬──────┘ |
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│ |
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┌─────┴─────┬──────────┐ |
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│ │ │ |
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┌────────┐┌────────────┐┌────────────┐ |
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│ Circle ││ Rectangle ││ Triangle │ |
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├────────┤├────────────┤├────────────┤ |
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│-radius ││-width,-height││-base,-height│ |
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├────────┤├────────────┤├────────────┤ |
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│getArea()││ getArea() ││ getArea() │ |
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└────────┘└────────────┘└────────────┘ |
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- 核心关系: Shape 是抽象父类, Circle 、 Rectangle 、 Triangle 继承自 Shape ,实现 getArea() 方法; ShapeUtil 依赖 Shape 类实现统一处理。 |
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