54 changed files with 4150 additions and 34 deletions
@ -1,2 +1,2 @@ |
|||
# java |
|||
|
|||
|
|||
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ |
|||
help |
|||
crawl https://news.sina.com.cn |
|||
list 5 |
|||
count |
|||
search 大数据 |
|||
detail 1 |
|||
clear |
|||
count |
|||
exit |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ |
|||
*.jar |
|||
*.jar |
|||
*.class |
|||
*.log |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ |
|||
--- |
|||
id: "24" |
|||
title: w10-设计模式 |
|||
slug: w10-design-patterns |
|||
status: draft |
|||
view_count: 0 |
|||
created_at: 2026-05-07T12:00:00+08:00 |
|||
updated_at: 2026-05-07T14:00:00.000000000+08:00 |
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
# 高级程序设计 · 第10周 |
|||
|
|||
### 设计模式:灵活性与可扩展性 |
|||
|
|||
### 策略模式 + 工厂 + Repository 实战 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 📌 本周导航 |
|||
|
|||
- W9回顾:骨架的成就与隐患 |
|||
- 策略模式:解析器的“插头标准” |
|||
- 解析器工厂:自动匹配的魔法 |
|||
- Repository:武装数据访问 |
|||
- 整体架构串联:调用链全程 |
|||
- 代码落地 + 实践任务 |
|||
- 架构反思 + W11 预告 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 1️⃣ W9回顾:骨架的成就与隐患 |
|||
|
|||
### 我们建了一座漂亮的房子 |
|||
|
|||
- ✅ MVC 分层清晰 |
|||
- ✅ Command 模式:**新增命令,Controller 零改动** |
|||
- ✅ 所有输出走 `ConsoleView` |
|||
- ✅ 工程包结构标准 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 但问题也随之而来 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// CrawlCommand 里解析逻辑怎么办? |
|||
if (url.contains("blog.example.com")) { |
|||
// 博客解析... |
|||
} else if (url.contains("news.example.com")) { |
|||
// 新闻解析... |
|||
} else { |
|||
view.printError("Unsupported website!"); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 😫 每支持一个新网站,就要加一个 `else if` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 还有另一个“裸奔”的数据 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
// 所有 Command 都可以: |
|||
articles.clear(); |
|||
articles.add(null); |
|||
articles.remove(0); |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🚨 数据没有任何保护,靠口头约定是靠不住的 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 本周任务 |
|||
|
|||
1. **解析逻辑可插拔** → 策略模式 + 工厂 |
|||
2. **数据访问加守卫** → Repository 模式 |
|||
|
|||
> W9 搭骨架,W10 装盔甲 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 2️⃣ 策略模式:解析器的“插头标准” |
|||
|
|||
### 墙上的插座,为什么什么电器都能插? |
|||
|
|||
- **三孔插座** 是标准接口 |
|||
- 电视、电脑、手机充电器都实现这个接口 |
|||
- 插座不关心你是什么电器 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 爬虫的世界也一样 |
|||
|
|||
- `CrawlStrategy` = 插座接口 |
|||
- `BlogStrategy`、`NewsStrategy` = 具体电器 |
|||
- `CrawlCommand` = 使用电器的人 |
|||
- `StrategyFactory` = 插座面板 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 接口即合同 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public interface CrawlStrategy { |
|||
List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc); |
|||
boolean supports(String url); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
- `supports()`:我能不能处理这个 URL? |
|||
- `parse()`:怎么解析? |
|||
- **任何网站想被爬,签这份合同!** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 策略 vs 硬编码 |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | if-else 屎山 | 策略模式 | |
|||
|------|-------------|----------| |
|||
| 新增网站 | 改 Command | 新建策略类 | |
|||
| 修改解析 | 翻找 else if | 只改对应类 | |
|||
| 测试 | 启动整个爬虫 | 单独测策略 | |
|||
| 开闭原则 | ❌ 修改开放 | ✅ 扩展开放,修改关闭 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 具体策略示例 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class BlogStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("blog.example.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
for (Element e : doc.select(".post-title")) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> ✨ 一个新网站,一个独立类,各扫门前雪 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 3️⃣ 解析器工厂:自动匹配的魔法 |
|||
|
|||
### 谁来选择策略? |
|||
|
|||
- 如果 `CrawlCommand` 遍历所有策略 → 策略模式白用了 |
|||
- 我们需要一个黑盒子:**丢入 URL,返回合适的解析器** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 工厂登场 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class StrategyFactory { |
|||
private final List<CrawlStrategy> strategies = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public StrategyFactory() { |
|||
strategies.add(new BlogStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new NewsStrategy()); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlStrategy getStrategy(String url) { |
|||
for (CrawlStrategy s : strategies) { |
|||
if (s.supports(url)) return s; |
|||
} |
|||
return null; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🔧 新增网站只需:新建策略类 + 工厂里注册一行 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 开闭原则的胜利 |
|||
|
|||
- ✅ `CrawlCommand` 完全不改 |
|||
- ✅ 新增 `XxxStrategy` 和一行注册 |
|||
- ✅ 所有策略的调用方式完全一致 |
|||
|
|||
> 这就是 **“对扩展开放,对修改关闭”** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 重构后的 CrawlCommand |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, ArticleRepository repository) { |
|||
String url = args[1]; |
|||
CrawlStrategy strategy = strategyFactory.getStrategy(url); |
|||
if (strategy == null) { |
|||
view.printError("No strategy for: " + url); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
List<Article> parsed = strategy.parse(url, doc); |
|||
for (Article a : parsed) { |
|||
repository.add(a); |
|||
} |
|||
view.printSuccess("Crawled " + parsed.size() + " articles."); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🧠 CrawlCommand 现在只做 **“调度”**,不做解析 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 4️⃣ Repository:武装数据访问 |
|||
|
|||
### 共享 List 的问题 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
articles.clear(); // 清空 |
|||
articles.add(null); // 塞 null |
|||
articles.remove(0); // 随意删除 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 靠约定维护的秩序,终将被打破 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 给数据装上防盗门 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class ArticleRepository { |
|||
private final List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public void add(Article article) { |
|||
if (article == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException(...); |
|||
articles.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public List<Article> getAll() { |
|||
return Collections.unmodifiableList(articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public int size() { return articles.size(); } |
|||
|
|||
public void clear() { articles.clear(); } |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 三道防线 |
|||
|
|||
| 机制 | 作用 | |
|||
|------|------| |
|||
| **add 拒绝 null** | 规则写在代码里,不靠口头约定 | |
|||
| **getAll 返回不可变视图** | 任何修改立即抛异常 | |
|||
| **必须通过 repository 访问** | 封装内部结构,只暴露安全方法 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 所有 Command 签名改变 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// W9 |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles); |
|||
|
|||
// W10 |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, ArticleRepository repository); |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 语义变化:从“给你数据随便玩” → “给你安全的存取通道” |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 5️⃣ 整体架构串联 |
|||
|
|||
### 一个 `crawl` 命令的完整旅程 |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
用户输入 "crawl https://blog.example.com" |
|||
↓ |
|||
ConsoleView 解析 |
|||
↓ |
|||
Controller 路由 → CrawlCommand |
|||
↓ |
|||
StrategyFactory.getStrategy(url) → BlogStrategy |
|||
↓ |
|||
Jsoup 抓取 → Document |
|||
↓ |
|||
BlogStrategy.parse(url, doc) → List<Article> |
|||
↓ |
|||
Repository.add() 存储 |
|||
↓ |
|||
ConsoleView 输出成功信息 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 架构全景图 |
|||
|
|||
 |
|||
|
|||
```mermaid |
|||
flowchart TD |
|||
User(["👤 用户输入<br/>crawl https://blog.example.com"]) --> View |
|||
|
|||
subgraph View["🎨 View 层 (ConsoleView)"] |
|||
ReadLine["readLine()"] |
|||
Display["display() / printSuccess()"] |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
ReadLine --> Controller |
|||
|
|||
subgraph Controller["🧭 Controller 层"] |
|||
Router["CrawlerController<br/>Map 路由"] |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
Router --> Command |
|||
|
|||
subgraph Command["⚡ Command 层"] |
|||
CrawlCmd["CrawlCommand<br/>(调度者)"] |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
CrawlCmd --> Factory |
|||
|
|||
subgraph Strategy["🧩 Strategy 层"] |
|||
Factory["StrategyFactory<br/>(自动匹配)"] |
|||
StrategyI["<<interface>> CrawlStrategy"] |
|||
BlogS["BlogStrategy"] |
|||
NewsS["NewsStrategy"] |
|||
Factory --> StrategyI --> BlogS |
|||
StrategyI --> NewsS |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
BlogS --> Repository |
|||
|
|||
subgraph Repository["🔐 Repository 层"] |
|||
Repo["ArticleRepository<br/>(add / getAll)"] |
|||
RepoList["List<Article> (私有)"] |
|||
Repo --> RepoList |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
RepoList --> Model |
|||
|
|||
subgraph Model["📦 Model 层"] |
|||
Article["Article"] |
|||
end |
|||
|
|||
CrawlCmd --> Display |
|||
Repository --> Display |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🗺️ 每一层都有清晰的职责,每一处扩展都只需要新增而不是修改 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 6️⃣ 代码落地(分步升级) |
|||
|
|||
### 从 W9 升级到 W10 的改动清单 |
|||
|
|||
1. 新建 `strategy/` 包 → `CrawlStrategy` 接口 |
|||
2. 实现 `BlogStrategy`、`NewsStrategy` |
|||
3. 实现 `StrategyFactory` |
|||
4. 新建 `repository/` 包 → `ArticleRepository` |
|||
5. 修改 `Command` 接口签名 |
|||
6. 重写 `CrawlCommand` |
|||
7. 调整其他所有 `Command` |
|||
8. 调整 `Controller` 和 `App.java` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 关键代码演示 |
|||
|
|||
- `Collections.unmodifiableList()` 的用法 |
|||
- `StrategyFactory.getStrategy()` 的遍历逻辑 |
|||
- `CrawlCommand` 从“写死解析”到“调度组装” |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// 一个改动示例 |
|||
for (Article a : parsed) { |
|||
repository.add(a); // 旧: articles.add(a); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 找茬点 |
|||
|
|||
- `StrategyFactory` 没匹配到策略时返回 `null` |
|||
- `CrawlCommand` 检查 `null` 并报错 |
|||
- 有没有更优雅的方式避免 `null` 判断? |
|||
|
|||
> 🔍 课后用 AI 探索 “空对象模式” 的前奏 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 7️⃣ 架构反思 + 下周预告 |
|||
|
|||
### 当前架构的脆弱点 |
|||
|
|||
- ❌ 异常处理单一笼统 |
|||
- ❌ 没有重试机制 |
|||
- ❌ 网络超时无控制 |
|||
- ❌ 日志仅输出到终端 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### W11 目标:健壮性工程 |
|||
|
|||
- ✅ **自定义异常体系**:把“出错了”变成具体的业务异常 |
|||
- ✅ **工程化日志**:记录谁、什么时间、做了什么 |
|||
- ✅ **防御式编程 + 重试机制**:网络抖动不再致命 |
|||
|
|||
> W9 搭骨架 → W10 装盔甲 → W11 让它经得起毒打 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 8️⃣ 实践任务(现场) |
|||
|
|||
### 必做 |
|||
|
|||
1. 基于 W9 项目升级到 W10 |
|||
2. 至少实现 2 个 CrawlStrategy(可模拟) |
|||
3. 实现 `StrategyFactory` 和 `ArticleRepository` |
|||
4. 测试完整 `crawl` → `list` 流程 |
|||
|
|||
### 验收标准 |
|||
|
|||
- [ ] 新增策略只加类+注册,零改动旧代码 |
|||
- [ ] `getAll()` 返回不可修改视图 |
|||
- [ ] `CrawlCommand` 不含网站特定解析 |
|||
- [ ] 所有 Command 用 Repository |
|||
- [ ] 无地方直接操作 `List<Article>` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 9️⃣ 课后作业 |
|||
|
|||
### 必做 |
|||
|
|||
1. 完善 `ArticleRepository`:增加 `addAll`,防御 null |
|||
2. **★ AnalyzeCommand**:复用策略解析但不存储,输出统计信息 |
|||
3. **AI 架构审计**:发送类签名给 AI,检查策略解耦与封装 |
|||
|
|||
### 选做 |
|||
|
|||
- 正则策略匹配、默认策略、策略优先级 |
|||
- 思考题:两个策略都 `supports` 同一 URL 时怎么办? |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 🤖 AI 协同升级 |
|||
|
|||
### 架构审计师(必做) |
|||
|
|||
- 画出类依赖图 |
|||
- 发给 AI:“检查开闭原则达成度,Repository 封装完备性,是否存在循环依赖” |
|||
|
|||
### 进阶探究 |
|||
|
|||
- 不用工厂,直接用 `Map<String, CrawlStrategy>` 存起来 vs `StrategyFactory` 的区别? |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 📚 总结 |
|||
|
|||
- ✅ 策略模式:算法可插拔,新增网站零痛苦 |
|||
- ✅ 工厂:自动匹配,URL → 策略的魔法 |
|||
- ✅ Repository:数据守卫,规则从口头约定变成代码强制 |
|||
- ✅ 架构:从“分开”到“优雅合上”,对扩展开放,对修改关闭 |
|||
|
|||
### W11 预告 |
|||
|
|||
自定义异常体系 + 日志 + 重试机制 |
|||
|
|||
> 🚀 让我们造的爬虫,经得住现实的考验 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 谢谢! |
|||
|
|||
**保持工程洁癖,下周见!** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
# 居中标题 |
|||
|
|||
## 居中副标题 |
|||
|
|||
### 居中内容 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ |
|||
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" |
|||
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" |
|||
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> |
|||
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> |
|||
<groupId>com.example</groupId> |
|||
<artifactId>datacollect-cli</artifactId> |
|||
<version>0.1.0</version> |
|||
<properties> |
|||
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source> |
|||
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target> |
|||
</properties> |
|||
<dependencies> |
|||
<dependency> |
|||
<groupId>org.jsoup</groupId> |
|||
<artifactId>jsoup</artifactId> |
|||
<version>1.17.2</version> |
|||
</dependency> |
|||
</dependencies> |
|||
<build> |
|||
<plugins> |
|||
<plugin> |
|||
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> |
|||
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId> |
|||
<version>3.8.1</version> |
|||
</plugin> |
|||
<plugin> |
|||
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> |
|||
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId> |
|||
<version>3.3.0</version> |
|||
<configuration> |
|||
<archive> |
|||
<manifest> |
|||
<mainClass>com.example.datacollect.Main</mainClass> |
|||
</manifest> |
|||
</archive> |
|||
<descriptorRefs> |
|||
<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef> |
|||
</descriptorRefs> |
|||
</configuration> |
|||
<executions> |
|||
<execution> |
|||
<id>make-assembly</id> |
|||
<phase>package</phase> |
|||
<goals> |
|||
<goal>single</goal> |
|||
</goals> |
|||
</execution> |
|||
</executions> |
|||
</plugin> |
|||
</plugins> |
|||
</build> |
|||
</project> |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.controller.CrawlerController; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.repository.ArticleRepository; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.impl.CrawlerServiceImpl; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.strategy.StrategyFactory; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class Main { |
|||
|
|||
public static void main(String[] args) { |
|||
ConsoleView view = new ConsoleView(); |
|||
ArticleRepository repository = new ArticleRepository(); |
|||
StrategyFactory strategyFactory = new StrategyFactory(); |
|||
CrawlerService service = new CrawlerServiceImpl(repository, strategyFactory); |
|||
CrawlerController controller = new CrawlerController(view, service); |
|||
|
|||
controller.showWelcome(); |
|||
|
|||
while (true) { |
|||
controller.handle(view.readLine()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class ClearCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public ClearCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "clear"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "清空所有文章 - 用法: clear"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
int count = service.getArticleCount(); |
|||
if (count == 0) { |
|||
view.printInfo("当前没有文章,无需清空"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
service.clearArticles(); |
|||
view.printSuccess("已清空 " + count + " 篇文章"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
|
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); |
|||
String getDescription(); |
|||
void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException; |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class CountCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public CountCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "count"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "显示文章总数 - 用法: count"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
int count = service.getArticleCount(); |
|||
view.printInfo("当前共有 " + count + " 篇文章"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.NetworkException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.StrategyNotFoundException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class CrawlCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "crawl"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "爬取指定URL的文章 - 用法: crawl <url>"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("用法: crawl <url>"); |
|||
view.printInfo("示例: crawl https://news.sina.com.cn"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
String url = args[1]; |
|||
view.printInfo("正在爬取: " + url); |
|||
|
|||
try { |
|||
var articles = service.crawl(url); |
|||
view.printSuccess("成功爬取 " + articles.size() + " 篇文章"); |
|||
|
|||
if (!articles.isEmpty()) { |
|||
view.printInfo("使用 'list' 命令查看文章列表"); |
|||
} |
|||
} catch (StrategyNotFoundException e) { |
|||
view.printError("错误: " + e.getMessage()); |
|||
view.printInfo("支持的网站: news.sina.com.cn, news.hnu.edu.cn, 36kr.com, cnbeta.com, qq.com"); |
|||
} catch (NetworkException e) { |
|||
view.printError("网络错误: " + e.getMessage()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class DetailCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public DetailCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "detail"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "显示文章详情 - 用法: detail <id>"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("用法: detail <id>"); |
|||
view.printInfo("示例: detail 1"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
try { |
|||
int id = Integer.parseInt(args[1]) - 1; |
|||
Article article = service.getArticleById(id); |
|||
|
|||
if (article == null) { |
|||
view.printError("未找到ID为 " + args[1] + " 的文章"); |
|||
view.printInfo("使用 'list' 命令查看文章列表"); |
|||
} else { |
|||
view.displayDetail(article); |
|||
} |
|||
} catch (NumberFormatException e) { |
|||
view.printError("无效的文章ID: " + args[1]); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class ExitCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public ExitCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "exit"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "退出程序 - 用法: exit"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
view.printSuccess("再见!"); |
|||
System.exit(0); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class HelpCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public HelpCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "help"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "显示帮助信息 - 用法: help"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
view.printInfo("=== CLI Crawler 帮助 ==="); |
|||
view.printInfo(""); |
|||
view.printSuccess("可用命令:"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" crawl <url> - 爬取指定URL的文章"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" list [limit] - 显示已爬取的文章列表"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" search <关键词> - 搜索文章"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" count - 显示文章总数"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" clear - 清空所有文章"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" detail <id> - 显示文章详情"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" help - 显示帮助信息"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" exit - 退出程序"); |
|||
view.printInfo(""); |
|||
view.printInfo("支持的网站:"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" - 新浪新闻 (news.sina.com.cn)"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" - 湖南大学新闻 (news.hnu.edu.cn)"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" - 36氪 (36kr.com)"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" - cnBeta (cnbeta.com)"); |
|||
view.printInfo(" - 腾讯新闻 (news.qq.com)"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class ListCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public ListCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "list"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "显示所有已爬取的文章 - 用法: list [limit]"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
var articles = service.getAllArticles(); |
|||
|
|||
int limit = articles.size(); |
|||
if (args.length >= 2) { |
|||
try { |
|||
limit = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); |
|||
if (limit < 0) { |
|||
view.printError("限制数量必须为正数"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
} catch (NumberFormatException e) { |
|||
view.printError("无效的限制数量: " + args[1]); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
view.display(articles, limit); |
|||
view.printInfo("总共 " + articles.size() + " 篇文章"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
|
|||
public class SearchCommand implements Command { |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
|
|||
public SearchCommand(ConsoleView view) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getName() { |
|||
return "search"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return "搜索文章 - 用法: search <关键词>"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, CrawlerService service) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("用法: search <关键词>"); |
|||
view.printInfo("示例: search 大数据"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
String keyword = args[1]; |
|||
var articles = service.searchArticles(keyword); |
|||
|
|||
if (articles.isEmpty()) { |
|||
view.printInfo("未找到包含 '" + keyword + "' 的文章"); |
|||
} else { |
|||
view.printSuccess("找到 " + articles.size() + " 篇相关文章:"); |
|||
view.display(articles, articles.size()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.controller; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.Command; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.ClearCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.CountCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.CrawlCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.DetailCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.ExitCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.HelpCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.ListCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.command.SearchCommand; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
import java.util.HashMap; |
|||
import java.util.Map; |
|||
|
|||
public class CrawlerController { |
|||
private final Map<String, Command> commands = new HashMap<>(); |
|||
private final ConsoleView view; |
|||
private final CrawlerService service; |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerController(ConsoleView view, CrawlerService service) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
this.service = service; |
|||
registerCommands(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private void registerCommands() { |
|||
register(new HelpCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new ListCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new CrawlCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new ExitCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new ClearCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new CountCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new SearchCommand(view)); |
|||
register(new DetailCommand(view)); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private void register(Command command) { |
|||
commands.put(command.getName(), command); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void handle(String input) { |
|||
String text = input == null ? "" : input.trim(); |
|||
if (text.isEmpty()) { |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
String[] args = parseCommand(text); |
|||
String cmdName = args[0].toLowerCase(); |
|||
|
|||
Command command = commands.get(cmdName); |
|||
if (command == null) { |
|||
view.printError("未知命令: " + cmdName); |
|||
view.printInfo("使用 'help' 命令查看可用命令"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
try { |
|||
command.execute(args, service); |
|||
} catch (CrawlerException e) { |
|||
view.printError("错误 [" + e.getErrorCode().getCode() + "]: " + e.getMessage()); |
|||
} catch (Exception e) { |
|||
view.printError("系统错误: " + e.getMessage()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private String[] parseCommand(String input) { |
|||
String[] parts = input.split("\\s+", 2); |
|||
if (parts.length == 1) { |
|||
return parts; |
|||
} |
|||
return new String[] { parts[0], parts[1] }; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void showWelcome() { |
|||
view.printSuccess("=== CLI Crawler v2.0 ==="); |
|||
view.printInfo("基于 MVC + Command模式 + 策略模式 + 异常体系"); |
|||
view.printInfo("输入 'help' 查看可用命令"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class CommandException extends CrawlerException { |
|||
public CommandException(ErrorCode errorCode, String message) { |
|||
super(errorCode, message); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public CommandException(ErrorCode errorCode, String message, Throwable cause) { |
|||
super(errorCode, message, cause); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class CrawlerException extends Exception { |
|||
private final ErrorCode errorCode; |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerException(ErrorCode errorCode, String message) { |
|||
super(message); |
|||
this.errorCode = errorCode; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerException(ErrorCode errorCode, String message, Throwable cause) { |
|||
super(message, cause); |
|||
this.errorCode = errorCode; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public ErrorCode getErrorCode() { |
|||
return errorCode; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public enum ErrorCode { |
|||
NETWORK_ERROR(1001, "网络请求失败"), |
|||
PARSE_ERROR(1002, "页面解析失败"), |
|||
STRATEGY_NOT_FOUND(1003, "未找到匹配的爬取策略"), |
|||
INVALID_URL(1004, "无效的URL"), |
|||
COMMAND_NOT_FOUND(2001, "未找到命令"), |
|||
INVALID_ARGUMENT(2002, "参数无效"), |
|||
REPOSITORY_ERROR(3001, "数据存储错误"), |
|||
UNKNOWN_ERROR(9999, "未知错误"); |
|||
|
|||
private final int code; |
|||
private final String description; |
|||
|
|||
ErrorCode(int code, String description) { |
|||
this.code = code; |
|||
this.description = description; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public int getCode() { |
|||
return code; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getDescription() { |
|||
return description; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class InvalidUrlException extends CrawlerException { |
|||
public InvalidUrlException(String url) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.INVALID_URL, "无效的URL: " + url); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public InvalidUrlException(String url, String reason) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.INVALID_URL, "无效的URL: " + url + " - " + reason); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class NetworkException extends CrawlerException { |
|||
public NetworkException(String url, Throwable cause) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.NETWORK_ERROR, "网络请求失败: " + url, cause); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public NetworkException(String message) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.NETWORK_ERROR, message); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class ParseException extends CrawlerException { |
|||
public ParseException(String url, String message) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.PARSE_ERROR, "解析失败: " + url + " - " + message); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public ParseException(String url, Throwable cause) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.PARSE_ERROR, "解析失败: " + url, cause); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.exception; |
|||
|
|||
public class StrategyNotFoundException extends CrawlerException { |
|||
public StrategyNotFoundException(String url) { |
|||
super(ErrorCode.STRATEGY_NOT_FOUND, "未找到匹配的爬取策略: " + url); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.model; |
|||
|
|||
public class Article { |
|||
private String title; |
|||
private String url; |
|||
private String content; |
|||
private String author; |
|||
private String publicDate; |
|||
|
|||
public Article(String title, String url, String content) { |
|||
this.title = title; |
|||
this.url = url; |
|||
this.content = content; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public Article(String title, String url, String content, String author, String publicDate) { |
|||
this.title = title; |
|||
this.url = url; |
|||
this.content = content; |
|||
this.author = author; |
|||
this.publicDate = publicDate; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getTitle() { |
|||
return title; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setTitle(String title) { |
|||
this.title = title; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getUrl() { |
|||
return url; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setUrl(String url) { |
|||
this.url = url; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getContent() { |
|||
return content; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setContent(String content) { |
|||
this.content = content; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getAuthor() { |
|||
return author; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setAuthor(String author) { |
|||
this.author = author; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getPublicDate() { |
|||
return publicDate; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setPublicDate(String publicDate) { |
|||
this.publicDate = publicDate; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String toString() { |
|||
return "Article{" |
|||
+ "title='" + title + '\'' |
|||
+ ", url='" + url + '\'' |
|||
+ ", author='" + author + '\'' |
|||
+ ", publicDate='" + publicDate + '\'' |
|||
+ '}'; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.repository; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.Collections; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class ArticleRepository { |
|||
private final List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public void add(Article article) { |
|||
if (article == null) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Article cannot be null"); |
|||
} |
|||
articles.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public List<Article> getAll() { |
|||
return Collections.unmodifiableList(articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public int size() { |
|||
return articles.size(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void clear() { |
|||
articles.clear(); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.service; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public interface CrawlerService { |
|||
List<Article> crawl(String url) throws CrawlerException; |
|||
List<Article> getAllArticles(); |
|||
Article getArticleById(int id); |
|||
void addArticle(Article article); |
|||
void clearArticles(); |
|||
int getArticleCount(); |
|||
List<Article> searchArticles(String keyword); |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.service.impl; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.CrawlerException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.NetworkException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.ParseException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.exception.StrategyNotFoundException; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.repository.ArticleRepository; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.service.CrawlerService; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.strategy.CrawlStrategy; |
|||
import com.example.datacollect.strategy.StrategyFactory; |
|||
import org.jsoup.Jsoup; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.stream.Collectors; |
|||
|
|||
public class CrawlerServiceImpl implements CrawlerService { |
|||
private final ArticleRepository repository; |
|||
private final StrategyFactory strategyFactory; |
|||
private static final int TIMEOUT_MS = 15000; |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerServiceImpl(ArticleRepository repository, StrategyFactory strategyFactory) { |
|||
this.repository = repository; |
|||
this.strategyFactory = strategyFactory; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> crawl(String url) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
validateUrl(url); |
|||
|
|||
CrawlStrategy strategy = strategyFactory.getStrategy(url); |
|||
if (strategy == null) { |
|||
throw new StrategyNotFoundException(url); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
try { |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url) |
|||
.userAgent("Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36") |
|||
.timeout(TIMEOUT_MS) |
|||
.get(); |
|||
|
|||
List<Article> articles = strategy.parse(url, doc); |
|||
|
|||
for (Article article : articles) { |
|||
repository.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} catch (Exception e) { |
|||
if (e instanceof CrawlerException) { |
|||
throw (CrawlerException) e; |
|||
} |
|||
throw new NetworkException(url, e); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> getAllArticles() { |
|||
return repository.getAll(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public Article getArticleById(int id) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = repository.getAll(); |
|||
if (id >= 0 && id < articles.size()) { |
|||
return articles.get(id); |
|||
} |
|||
return null; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void addArticle(Article article) { |
|||
repository.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public void clearArticles() { |
|||
repository.clear(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public int getArticleCount() { |
|||
return repository.size(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> searchArticles(String keyword) { |
|||
if (keyword == null || keyword.trim().isEmpty()) { |
|||
return new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
String lowerKeyword = keyword.toLowerCase(); |
|||
return repository.getAll().stream() |
|||
.filter(a -> a.getTitle().toLowerCase().contains(lowerKeyword) || |
|||
(a.getContent() != null && a.getContent().toLowerCase().contains(lowerKeyword))) |
|||
.collect(Collectors.toList()); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private void validateUrl(String url) throws CrawlerException { |
|||
if (url == null || url.trim().isEmpty()) { |
|||
throw new CrawlerException(CrawlerException.ErrorCode.INVALID_URL, "URL不能为空"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
if (!url.startsWith("http://") && !url.startsWith("https://")) { |
|||
throw new CrawlerException(CrawlerException.ErrorCode.INVALID_URL, |
|||
"URL必须以http://或https://开头"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class BlogStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("blog.example.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
Elements titles = doc.select(".post-title"); |
|||
for (Element e : titles) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class CnBetaNewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("cnbeta.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
Elements items = doc.select(".item"); |
|||
|
|||
for (Element item : items) { |
|||
Element titleEl = item.selectFirst(".title a"); |
|||
Element timeEl = item.selectFirst(".time"); |
|||
|
|||
if (titleEl != null) { |
|||
String title = titleEl.text().trim(); |
|||
String articleUrl = titleEl.attr("href"); |
|||
String time = timeEl != null ? timeEl.text().trim() : ""; |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty()) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "cnbeta", time)); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public interface CrawlStrategy { |
|||
List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc); |
|||
boolean supports(String url); |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class HnuNewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("news.hnu.edu.cn"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
Elements links = doc.select("a[href*='/info/']"); |
|||
|
|||
for (Element link : links) { |
|||
String articleUrl = link.attr("href"); |
|||
String title = link.text().trim(); |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty() && title.length() > 5 && articleUrl.contains(".htm")) { |
|||
if (!articleUrl.startsWith("http")) { |
|||
if (articleUrl.startsWith("/")) { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.hnu.edu.cn" + articleUrl; |
|||
} else { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.hnu.edu.cn/" + articleUrl; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
String date = ""; |
|||
Element parent = link.parent(); |
|||
if (parent != null) { |
|||
Element dateEl = parent.selectFirst("span, font, em"); |
|||
if (dateEl != null) { |
|||
date = dateEl.text().trim(); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "湖南大学", date)); |
|||
|
|||
if (articles.size() >= 10) break; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class News36KrStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("36kr.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
Elements newsItems = doc.select(".article-item a, .kr-news-content a, .newsflash-item a"); |
|||
|
|||
for (Element item : newsItems) { |
|||
String title = item.selectFirst("h3, .t-h3, .item-title") != null ? |
|||
item.selectFirst("h3, .t-h3, .item-title").text().trim() : |
|||
item.text().trim(); |
|||
String articleUrl = item.attr("href"); |
|||
String date = ""; |
|||
|
|||
Element dateEl = item.selectFirst(".kr-news-flow-time, .time, .date"); |
|||
if (dateEl != null) { |
|||
date = dateEl.text().trim(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty() && articleUrl.contains("36kr.com")) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "36kr", date)); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
if (articles.isEmpty()) { |
|||
Elements allLinks = doc.select("a[href*='/p/']"); |
|||
for (Element link : allLinks) { |
|||
String title = link.text().trim(); |
|||
String articleUrl = link.attr("href"); |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty() && title.length() > 5 && !title.contains("登录") && !title.contains("注册")) { |
|||
if (!articleUrl.startsWith("http")) { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://www.36kr.com" + articleUrl; |
|||
} |
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "36kr", "")); |
|||
if (articles.size() >= 10) break; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class NewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("news.example.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
Elements items = doc.select(".article-headline"); |
|||
for (Element e : items) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class SinaNewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("sina.com.cn") || url.contains("news.sina.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
Elements links = doc.select("a[href*='article'], a[href*='news']"); |
|||
|
|||
for (Element link : links) { |
|||
String articleUrl = link.attr("href"); |
|||
String title = link.text().trim(); |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty() && title.length() > 5 && !title.contains("登录") && !title.contains("注册")) { |
|||
if (!articleUrl.startsWith("http")) { |
|||
if (articleUrl.startsWith("/")) { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.sina.com.cn" + articleUrl; |
|||
} else { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.sina.com.cn/" + articleUrl; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
if (articleUrl.contains("sina.com")) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "新浪新闻", "")); |
|||
|
|||
if (articles.size() >= 10) break; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class StrategyFactory { |
|||
private final List<CrawlStrategy> strategies = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public StrategyFactory() { |
|||
strategies.add(new HnuNewsStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new BlogStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new NewsStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new CnBetaNewsStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new News36KrStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new SinaNewsStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new TencentNewsStrategy()); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlStrategy getStrategy(String url) { |
|||
for (CrawlStrategy s : strategies) { |
|||
if (s.supports(url)) { |
|||
return s; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return null; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void register(CrawlStrategy strategy) { |
|||
strategies.add(strategy); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Element; |
|||
import org.jsoup.select.Elements; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class TencentNewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("qq.com") || url.contains("news.qq.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
Elements links = doc.select("a[href*='article']"); |
|||
|
|||
for (Element link : links) { |
|||
String articleUrl = link.attr("href"); |
|||
String title = link.text().trim(); |
|||
|
|||
if (!title.isEmpty() && title.length() > 5 && !title.contains("登录") && !title.contains("注册")) { |
|||
if (!articleUrl.startsWith("http")) { |
|||
if (articleUrl.startsWith("/")) { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.qq.com" + articleUrl; |
|||
} else { |
|||
articleUrl = "https://news.qq.com/" + articleUrl; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
if (articleUrl.contains("qq.com")) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(title, articleUrl, "", "腾讯新闻", "")); |
|||
|
|||
if (articles.size() >= 10) break; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.view; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.NoSuchElementException; |
|||
import java.util.Scanner; |
|||
|
|||
public class ConsoleView { |
|||
private static final String ANSI_RESET = "\u001B[0m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_GREEN = "\u001B[32m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_RED = "\u001B[31m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_BLUE = "\u001B[34m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_YELLOW = "\u001B[33m"; |
|||
|
|||
private final Scanner scanner; |
|||
|
|||
public ConsoleView() { |
|||
this.scanner = new Scanner(System.in); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String readLine() { |
|||
try { |
|||
System.out.print("> "); |
|||
return scanner.nextLine(); |
|||
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) { |
|||
return "exit"; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printSuccess(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(ANSI_GREEN + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printError(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(ANSI_RED + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printInfo(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(ANSI_BLUE + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printWarning(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(ANSI_YELLOW + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void display(List<Article> articles) { |
|||
display(articles, articles.size()); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void display(List<Article> articles, int limit) { |
|||
if (articles.isEmpty()) { |
|||
printInfo("暂无文章,请先执行 crawl。"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
int count = Math.min(limit, articles.size()); |
|||
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { |
|||
Article a = articles.get(i); |
|||
System.out.println((i + 1) + ". " + truncate(a.getTitle(), 50)); |
|||
System.out.println(" URL: " + a.getUrl()); |
|||
System.out.println(" 作者: " + (a.getAuthor() != null ? a.getAuthor() : "未知") + |
|||
" | 日期: " + (a.getPublicDate() != null ? a.getPublicDate() : "未知")); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void displayDetail(Article article) { |
|||
printInfo("=== 文章详情 ==="); |
|||
System.out.println("标题: " + article.getTitle()); |
|||
System.out.println("URL: " + article.getUrl()); |
|||
System.out.println("作者: " + (article.getAuthor() != null ? article.getAuthor() : "未知")); |
|||
System.out.println("发布日期: " + (article.getPublicDate() != null ? article.getPublicDate() : "未知")); |
|||
|
|||
if (article.getContent() != null && !article.getContent().isEmpty()) { |
|||
System.out.println("内容摘要:"); |
|||
System.out.println(truncate(article.getContent(), 200)); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private String truncate(String text, int maxLength) { |
|||
if (text == null) { |
|||
return ""; |
|||
} |
|||
if (text.length() <= maxLength) { |
|||
return text; |
|||
} |
|||
return text.substring(0, maxLength) + "..."; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,758 @@ |
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
# 教案:《高级程序设计》第9周——工程架构:从"写代码"到"造系统" |
|||
|
|||
| 项目 | 内容 | |
|||
|------|------| |
|||
| **课程名称** | 高级程序设计 | |
|||
| **周次** | 第9周 | |
|||
| **主题** | 工程架构——从"写代码"到"造系统" | |
|||
| **学时** | 2学时(90分钟) | |
|||
| **授课对象** | 具备Python基础、已完成Java面向对象特性学习的学生 | |
|||
| **教学环境** | JDK 17+、IntelliJ IDEA、Maven(模板) | |
|||
| **前情提要** | 本课程原计划使用JavaFX GUI,后根据教学反馈转向CLI + MVC + 爬虫工程化 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 教学调整说明:为什么选择CLI而不是GUI? |
|||
|
|||
> **原计划**:JavaFX桌面应用 → **新计划**:CLI命令行应用 |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | GUI (JavaFX) | CLI (命令行) | |
|||
|------|--------------|-------------| |
|||
| **学习重心** | 布局、控件、事件监听 | 架构、分层、命令路由 | |
|||
| **学生痛点** | "窗口点击"与后端能力无关 | 真正锻炼工程思维 | |
|||
| **AI辅助** | AI生成FXML,学生看不懂 | AI辅助重构架构 | |
|||
| **工程化** | 脱离真实后端开发场景 | 模拟真实服务器/大数据开发 | |
|||
| **核心转型** | "视觉装饰"优先 | "逻辑架构"优先 | |
|||
|
|||
**决策理由**: |
|||
1. **985学生需要的是工程思维**,不是拖控件 |
|||
2. **接口抽象**是弱项,CLI + MVC更能暴露这个问题 |
|||
3. **彩色终端**足够酷炫,且代码量可控 |
|||
|
|||
**更深层的教育价值**: |
|||
> 在GUI框架中,架构已被框架强制划定,学生只是"遵守规矩";而CLI世界里没有任何框架告诉你模型在哪、视图在哪——**当外部约束消失,内部的工程纪律才真正建立**。这正是本节课要传递的核心精神。 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 一、教学目标 |
|||
|
|||
| 目标维度 | 具体描述 | |
|||
|----------|----------| |
|||
| **知识掌握** | 理解MVC架构的职责划分及其演化脉络;掌握Maven项目结构与pom.xml基础;理解Command模式的路由原理。 | |
|||
| **工程实践** | 能搭建规范的Maven项目包结构;能实现基于Scanner的控制台交互;能用Command接口实现可扩展的命令路由;能识别架构中的"越权行为"。 | |
|||
| **思维转型** | 从"一个类写全部"转向"分层解耦";从"修改现有代码"转向"新增类实现功能";从"满足功能"转向"代码的工程洁癖"。 | |
|||
| **工具应用** | 利用AI辅助审查MVC职责越权;让AI扮演"架构审计师"检查分层是否清晰;理解AI生成代码中的架构缺陷。 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 二、教学重点与难点 |
|||
|
|||
| 项目 | 内容 | 突破方法 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| **重点** | MVC三层职责划分、CLI交互实现、Command接口解耦、代码中的工程细节(常量、输出归属) | 以"新增命令需要改什么"为切入点,展示Command模式的优势;通过现场"代码找茬"强化细节意识 | |
|||
| **难点** | Controller不写业务逻辑、Command接口的多态实现、共享数据模型的设计缺陷识别 | 现场演示:增加一个命令只需新建类,无需修改Controller;暴露`List<Article>`共享引用的问题并预告解决方案 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 三、教学过程设计(90分钟) |
|||
|
|||
| 环节 | 时间 | 教学内容 | 师生活动 | AI协同点 | |
|||
|------|------|----------|----------|----------| |
|||
| **1. 痛点引入:从脚本到工程的鸿沟** | 10' | 展示"意大利面"式爬虫代码,演示改一处需要动全身 | **教师演示**:现场展示一段混乱代码,让学生找问题 | 用AI分析代码耦合度 | |
|||
| **2. CLI vs GUI:架构选择的思考** | 10' | 对比两种方案的优缺点,解释为什么CLI更适合培养工程思维 | **教师讲解**:用对比表格说明选择CLI的理由 | — | |
|||
| **3. MVC分层设计** | 20' | 讲解Model/View/Controller三层职责,用"餐厅类比"强化理解,随后批判类比局限性 | **教师讲解**:配合架构图讲解三层交互,引导学生寻找类比破绽 | 用AI生成MVC职责对照表 | |
|||
| **4. Command模式:可扩展的命令路由** | 15' | 引入Command接口,解释"一个命令就是一个类" | **类比**:Command像酒店的服务部门,Controller是前台 | 让AI解释Command模式的多态原理 | |
|||
| **5. Maven模板与环境** | 5' | 直接使用提供的Maven模板,讲解目录结构 | **教师演示**:解压模板 → IDEA打开 → 运行 | — | |
|||
| **6. 三层代码落地** | 20' | **Model**:Article实体<br>**View**:ConsoleView(ANSI常量)<br>**Command接口**+实现<br>**Controller**:Map路由 | **教师演示**:分步写出代码,刻意埋入1~2个"越权细节"让学生找茬 | 学生用AI做"架构审计" | |
|||
| **7. 架构反思与展望** | 5' | 指出当前`List<Article>`共享引用的问题,预告W10策略模式与仓库层 | **师生互动**:你发现这个设计有什么风险? | 让AI分析共享可变状态的危害 | |
|||
| **8. 实践任务:空壳程序** | 5' | 搭建完整包结构,实现CLI循环 | 学生现场编码,教师巡视 | 完成后用AI检查包结构 | |
|||
| **9. 总结与过渡** | 5' | 本周实现了"骨架+命令可扩展",下周填入"灵魂"——解析器,并解决数据安全问题 | 总结Command模式优势,预告策略模式 | — | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 四、核心教学内容脚本 |
|||
|
|||
### 4.1 痛点引入:从脚本到工程的鸿沟(10分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "同学们,前8周我们学的是Java语法,从变量到类,从继承到接口。但有一个问题:代码写完之后,怎么组织?" |
|||
> |
|||
> "来看这段代码——这是某个同学写的'爬虫',他一个人完成了一个'完整'的项目。" |
|||
|
|||
**展示"脚本式"代码**: |
|||
```java |
|||
public class Crawler { |
|||
public static void main(String[] args) { |
|||
System.out.print("请输入URL: "); |
|||
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); |
|||
String url = scanner.nextLine(); |
|||
|
|||
List titles = new ArrayList(); |
|||
try { |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
Elements elements = doc.select(".post-title"); |
|||
for (Element e : elements) { |
|||
String title = e.text(); |
|||
System.out.println("标题: " + title); |
|||
titles.add(title); |
|||
} |
|||
} catch (Exception ex) { |
|||
System.out.println("出错啦: " + ex.getMessage()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**提问引导**: |
|||
1. "如果我想把标题保存到文件,要改哪里?" |
|||
2. "如果我想支持另一个网站,它的HTML结构不一样,要怎么办?" |
|||
3. "如果我想让输出变成彩色,要改哪里?" |
|||
|
|||
**痛点提炼**: |
|||
> "看到了吗?才60行代码,已经'牵一发而动全身'了。这就是一个'脚本'的宿命——功能全混在一起,改一个小需求,整个文件都要翻。" |
|||
> |
|||
> "这周我们要解决:**怎么让代码'改起来不疼'?**" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.2 CLI vs GUI:架构选择的思考(10分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "既然要写一个'完整'的爬虫应用,我们有两个选择:图形界面(GUI)或命令行界面(CLI)。为什么我推荐CLI而不是GUI?" |
|||
|
|||
**对比表格** |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | GUI (JavaFX) | CLI (命令行) | |
|||
|------|--------------|-------------| |
|||
| **代码量** | FXML + Controller + CSS,大量模板代码 | 纯Java,代码量可控 | |
|||
| **学习重心** | 布局、控件、事件监听 | 架构、分层、命令路由 | |
|||
| **后端能力** | 几乎无关 | 模拟真实服务器开发 | |
|||
| **可测试性** | 难(需要UI测试框架) | 易(直接测试Command类) | |
|||
| **工程思维** | 弱(关注视觉) | 强(关注逻辑) | |
|||
|
|||
**核心观点**: |
|||
> **CLI更需要MVC!** GUI有现成的事件系统(点击按钮→触发事件),而CLI只有字符流。**没有架构,分分钟写成脚本**。MVC在CLI里是"刚需",不是"装饰"。 |
|||
> |
|||
> **更深一层**:在GUI里,框架已经硬塞给你一套架构,你只是在填空;但在CLI里,所有结构都必须由你亲手搭建。**当外部约束消失,内部的工程纪律才真正开始建立**——这才是本节课的真正目的。 |
|||
|
|||
**CLI也能很酷**: |
|||
- ANSI彩色输出(红/绿/黄/蓝) |
|||
- 表格展示数据 |
|||
- 进度条动画 |
|||
- 模拟真实大数据开发场景 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.3 MVC分层设计(20分钟) |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.1 MVC的起源与演进 |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "MVC不是新东西,它是1970年代为桌面应用设计的架构思想。但它的核心——'职责分离'——在任何软件里都适用。" |
|||
|
|||
| 年代 | 场景 | MVC的角色 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 1970s | Smalltalk-72 GUI | 最早的用户界面架构 | |
|||
| 1990s | Web开发 (Struts) | 后端模板引擎 | |
|||
| 2000s | ASP.NET MVC | 现代Web框架 | |
|||
| 2020s | CLI + API | 解耦业务逻辑与表现层 | |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.2 从GUI到CLI的映射 |
|||
|
|||
| GUI组件 | CLI对应 | 说明 | |
|||
|--------|--------|------| |
|||
| 窗口/按钮 | 命令行输入 | **View = 用户交互** | |
|||
| 数据模型 | Article实体类 | **Model = 数据结构** | |
|||
| 事件监听 | Command路由 | **Controller = 调度** | |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.3 MVC三层职责 |
|||
|
|||
**架构图示**: |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ |
|||
│ 入口 │ |
|||
│ (main方法) │ |
|||
└─────────────────┬───────────────────────┘ |
|||
│ |
|||
▼ |
|||
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ |
|||
│ Controller │ |
|||
│ - 接收命令(crawl, help, exit) │ |
|||
│ - 分发给对应的Command │ |
|||
│ 【口诀】:Controller不管"怎么做", │ |
|||
│ 只管"派给谁" │ |
|||
└─────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┘ |
|||
│ │ |
|||
▼ ▼ |
|||
┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ |
|||
│ Model │ │ View │ |
|||
│ - 数据实体 │ │ - 输入解析 │ |
|||
│ - 业务逻辑 │ │ - 输出格式化 │ |
|||
│ 【口诀】: │ │ 【口诀】: │ |
|||
│ Model管"数据" │ │ View管"呈现" │ |
|||
└─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**三层职责详解** |
|||
|
|||
| 层级 | 职责 | 典型代码 | 禁止做什么 | |
|||
|------|------|----------|------------| |
|||
| **Model** | 数据结构 + 业务逻辑 | `class Article { String title; String content; }` | 不能有`System.out.println`,不能有`Scanner` | |
|||
| **View** | 接收用户输入 + 格式化输出 | `class ConsoleView { String readInput(); void print(String); }` | 不能写爬虫逻辑,只做"传声筒" | |
|||
| **Controller** | 协调调度 | `class CrawlerController { void handle(String cmd) { ... } }` | 不能直接写业务细节,委托给Command | |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.4 类比强化:"餐厅类比" |
|||
|
|||
> "把MVC想象成一家餐厅: |
|||
> - **Model是后厨**:只管做菜(数据加工),不管谁来吃、怎么端 |
|||
> - **View是服务员**:只管端菜和收钱(输入输出),不管菜怎么做 |
|||
> - **Controller是前台**:只管把顾客的点单传给后厨,把做好的菜端给顾客 |
|||
> |
|||
> 如果后厨开始管'谁来吃饭',这餐厅就乱了。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.5 对"餐厅类比"的批判性思考(关键!) |
|||
|
|||
**教师导引**: |
|||
> "刚才的类比好理解吗?很好。但任何一个类比都有它的边界,如果把它当成真理,就会出问题。现在我们来给这个类比'找茬'。" |
|||
|
|||
**提问学生**: |
|||
1. "后厨真的完全不知道客人是谁吗?如果客人有忌口(比如不吃香菜),这个信息需不需要传到后厨?" |
|||
2. "服务员只是端菜吗?在真实餐厅里,服务员经常向后厨反馈'客人觉得今天的菜咸了',这属于View→Model的反向影响吗?" |
|||
3. "在这个类比里,我们把前台(Controller)和后厨(Model)的关系说成单向的。但实际上,后厨做完了菜,需要通知前台'菜好了',这不就是**观察者模式**吗?" |
|||
|
|||
**点明本质**: |
|||
> "实际MVC的数据流向常常是**双向**的:Controller调用Model的方法改变数据,Model变化后又通知View更新显示。只不过在本次CLI项目中,我们暂时使用'请求-响应'的单向简化模型——用户输入命令,系统处理,然后立即输出结果。这个简化版够用,但你要知道完整的MVC是更动态的。随着系统复杂,Model层需要一个专门的'仓库类'来管理数据,并通知视图刷新——这正是W10我们将要深入的内容。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.6 MVC的数据流向(本课程简化版) |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
CLI用户输入 |
|||
↓ |
|||
View(解析命令字符串) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Controller(找到对应Command) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Command.execute()(执行业务逻辑) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Model(Article数据,目前暂存于List) |
|||
↓ |
|||
View(display()展示数据) |
|||
↓ |
|||
CLI终端显示 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.4 Command模式:可扩展的命令路由(15分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "现在引入一个设计模式——Command(命令)模式。它的核心思想是:**一个命令就是一个类**。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.1 为什么需要Command模式? |
|||
|
|||
**演示:增加一个命令的代价(switch-case版)** |
|||
```java |
|||
// 现状代码 |
|||
switch (cmd) { |
|||
case "crawl": handleCrawl(); break; |
|||
case "help": showHelp(); break; |
|||
// 如果要增加 list 命令? |
|||
// 1. 加 case "list" |
|||
// 2. 加 handleList() 方法 |
|||
// 3. 可能还要改其他地方... |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**提问**: |
|||
- "如果我想增加10个命令,这个类要改多少次?" |
|||
- "如果我不小心删了一个case,整个程序还能跑吗?" |
|||
|
|||
**痛点提炼**: |
|||
> "每加一个功能,就要在这个类里戳一个洞。**这就是'肥控制器'陷阱**——所有的逻辑都堆在Controller里,它变成了新的'意大利面'。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.2 Command模式的四个要素 |
|||
|
|||
| 要素 | 角色 | 示例 | |
|||
|------|------|------| |
|||
| **Command接口** | 抽象的"订单" | `Command` 接口 | |
|||
| **ConcreteCommand** | 具体的订单 | `HelpCommand`、`CrawlCommand` | |
|||
| **Invoker** | 接单的前台 | `CrawlerController` | |
|||
| **Receiver** | 执行者 | `ConsoleView`、`ArticleRepository` | |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.3 Command接口定义 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/command/Command.java |
|||
package com.crawler.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); // 命令名,如 "crawl" |
|||
void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles); // 执行逻辑 |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.4 Controller的变革(从switch到Map) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// 修改后的Controller |
|||
public class CrawlerController { |
|||
private Map<String, Command> commands; // 用Map存命令 |
|||
private ConsoleView view; // 持有View以输出错误 |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerController(ConsoleView view, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
this.commands = new HashMap<>(); |
|||
// 增加命令无需改Controller代码,只需在这里注册 |
|||
commands.put("crawl", new CrawlCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("help", new HelpCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("list", new ListCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("exit", new ExitCommand(view)); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void handle(String input) { |
|||
if (input.isEmpty()) return; |
|||
String[] parts = input.split("\\s+"); |
|||
String cmd = parts[0].toLowerCase(); |
|||
|
|||
Command command = commands.get(cmd); |
|||
if (command == null) { |
|||
view.printError("Unknown command: " + cmd); // 通过View输出,而非直接System.out |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// 执行命令,传入参数和文章列表 |
|||
command.execute(parts, articles); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**对比表格** |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | switch-case | Command模式 | |
|||
|------|-------------|-------------| |
|||
| 增加命令 | 要改Controller | 新建一个类 | |
|||
| 多态体验 | 无 | execute()的多态调用 | |
|||
| 可测试性 | 难 | 每个Command可单独测试 | |
|||
| 代码量 | 少 | 多,但更清晰 | |
|||
|
|||
**类比强化**: |
|||
> "Command模式就像**酒店的客房服务**:每个服务(清理、送餐、按摩)都是一个独立的部门。前台(Controller)只负责接电话,然后把请求'派发'给对应的部门。部门自己知道怎么干活,不需要前台教。" |
|||
> |
|||
> "如果想新增一个服务,前台只需要'登记'一下,不需要把现有部门重新装修。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.5 Maven模板与环境(5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "这周我们不发愁pom.xml配置。我已经把 Maven 模板准备好了,你们只需要解压、打开、运行。" |
|||
|
|||
**模板使用流程**: |
|||
``` |
|||
1. 解压 [my-crawler-template.zip] |
|||
2. 用 IDEA 打开文件夹 |
|||
3. 右键 pom.xml → Maven → Reload Project |
|||
4. 运行 App.java |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**标准目录结构**: |
|||
``` |
|||
src/main/java/com/crawler/ |
|||
├── model/ |
|||
│ └── Article.java |
|||
├── view/ |
|||
│ └── ConsoleView.java |
|||
├── command/ |
|||
│ ├── Command.java (接口) |
|||
│ ├── CrawlCommand.java |
|||
│ ├── HelpCommand.java |
|||
│ ├── ListCommand.java |
|||
│ └── ExitCommand.java |
|||
└── controller/ |
|||
└── CrawlerController.java |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.6 代码落地(20分钟) |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.1 Model层:Article实体 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/model/Article.java |
|||
package com.crawler.model; |
|||
|
|||
public class Article { |
|||
private String title; |
|||
private String url; |
|||
private String content; |
|||
|
|||
public Article(String title, String url, String content) { |
|||
this.title = title; |
|||
this.url = url; |
|||
this.content = content; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getTitle() { return title; } |
|||
public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; } |
|||
public String getUrl() { return url; } |
|||
public void setUrl(String url) { this.url = url; } |
|||
public String getContent() { return content; } |
|||
public void setContent(String content) { this.content = content; } |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String toString() { |
|||
return "Article{title='" + title + "', url='" + url + "'}"; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.2 View层:ANSI常量集中管理(工程细节!) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/view/ConsoleView.java |
|||
package com.crawler.view; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.Scanner; |
|||
|
|||
public class ConsoleView { |
|||
// ANSI颜色常量——集中管理,避免散落各处 |
|||
private static final String ANSI_GREEN = "\033[32m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_RED = "\033[31m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_CYAN = "\033[36m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_RESET = "\033[0m"; |
|||
|
|||
private Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); |
|||
|
|||
public String readLine() { |
|||
System.out.print("crawler> "); |
|||
return scanner.nextLine().trim(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void print(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(msg); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printSuccess(String msg) { |
|||
print(ANSI_GREEN + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printError(String msg) { |
|||
print(ANSI_RED + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void printInfo(String msg) { |
|||
print(ANSI_CYAN + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// 展示文章列表 |
|||
public void display(List<Article> articles) { |
|||
if (articles.isEmpty()) { |
|||
printInfo("No articles yet. Use 'crawl <url>' first."); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
print("+----------+--------------------------------+"); |
|||
print("| Title | URL |"); |
|||
print("+----------+--------------------------------+"); |
|||
for (Article a : articles) { |
|||
String title = a.getTitle(); |
|||
if (title.length() > 10) title = title.substring(0, 10) + ".."; |
|||
String url = a.getUrl(); |
|||
if (url.length() > 30) url = url.substring(0, 27) + "..."; |
|||
print("| " + String.format("%-10s", title) + " | " + url + " |"); |
|||
} |
|||
print("+----------+--------------------------------+"); |
|||
printInfo("Total: " + articles.size() + " articles"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师提示**: |
|||
> "注意:所有ANSI转义码都被定义为`private static final`常量。如果把`\033[32m`散落在项目各处,一旦想调整颜色,就得满世界去改——这正是我们之前痛批的'意大利面'。**这就是工程细节**。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.3 Command接口与四个实现(全部通过View输出) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// Command.java |
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); |
|||
void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// HelpCommand.java |
|||
public class HelpCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public HelpCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "help"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
view.printInfo("Commands: crawl <url>, list, help, exit"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// ListCommand.java |
|||
public class ListCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public ListCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "list"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
view.display(articles); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// CrawlCommand.java (存根) |
|||
public class CrawlCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public CrawlCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "crawl"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("Usage: crawl <url>"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
view.printInfo("Stub: Would crawl " + args[1]); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// ExitCommand.java |
|||
public class ExitCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public ExitCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "exit"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
view.printSuccess("Bye!"); // 全部输出都通过View,绝不让System.out直接出现在这里 |
|||
System.exit(0); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**故意埋设的"找茬点"**: |
|||
> "我在刚才的代码里有没有隐藏违反MVC原则的地方?`CrawlCommand`的存根里,`view.printInfo("Stub: Would crawl " + args[1]);` —— 这个字符串拼接算是"业务逻辑"吗?留给大家用AI架构审计时讨论。 |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.4 Controller:Map路由(全部通过View输出) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/controller/CrawlerController.java |
|||
package com.crawler.controller; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.command.*; |
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import com.crawler.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
import java.util.HashMap; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.Map; |
|||
|
|||
public class CrawlerController { |
|||
private Map<String, Command> commands = new HashMap<>(); |
|||
private ConsoleView view; // 持有View |
|||
private List<Article> articles; |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerController(ConsoleView view, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
this.view = view; |
|||
this.articles = articles; |
|||
commands.put("help", new HelpCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("list", new ListCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("crawl", new CrawlCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("exit", new ExitCommand(view)); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void handle(String input) { |
|||
if (input.isEmpty()) return; |
|||
String[] parts = input.split("\\s+"); |
|||
String cmdName = parts[0].toLowerCase(); |
|||
|
|||
Command cmd = commands.get(cmdName); |
|||
if (cmd == null) { |
|||
view.printError("Unknown command: " + cmdName); // 错误信息也走View! |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
cmd.execute(parts, articles); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.5 main方法:组装 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/App.java |
|||
package com.crawler; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.controller.CrawlerController; |
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import com.crawler.view.ConsoleView; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class App { |
|||
public static void main(String[] args) { |
|||
ConsoleView view = new ConsoleView(); |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
CrawlerController controller = new CrawlerController(view, articles); |
|||
|
|||
view.printSuccess("Welcome to CLI Crawler!"); |
|||
view.printInfo("Type 'help' for commands."); |
|||
|
|||
while (true) { |
|||
controller.handle(view.readLine()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.6.6 架构反思与展望:共享List<Article>的隐患(关键!) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "现在这个架构已经可用了。但请大家审视一下:我们所有的Command都直接拿到了`List<Article>`的引用。换句话说,任何一个命令都可以随意增、删、改这个列表。" |
|||
> |
|||
> "这就好像一家酒店,所有服务员、厨师、清洁工都能随意进出保险箱——**数据结构完全裸奔了**。" |
|||
|
|||
**提问**: |
|||
- "如果CrawlCommand不小心写错了代码,把一个null塞进articles,HelpCommand会不会受影响?" |
|||
- "如果未来我们要在添加文章时也写入日志文件,现在的设计能优雅实现吗?还是得在所有Command里分别加日志代码?" |
|||
|
|||
**预告解决方案**: |
|||
> "下周,我们将引入**策略模式**和一个真正的**Model仓库层(ArticleRepository)**。这个仓库会把`List`封装起来,对外只提供`add()`、`getAll()`等安全接口。任何命令想修改数据,都必须通过仓库。这就是从'数据结构'到'模型层'的进化——我们W9先搭骨架,W10给它装上盔甲。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.7 实践任务(5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**任务要求**: |
|||
1. 使用Maven模板创建项目 |
|||
2. 实现完整包结构(model/view/command/controller) |
|||
3. 实现4个Command:help/list/crawl/exit |
|||
4. `list`命令能展示已抓取的文章 |
|||
5. 运行并测试循环 |
|||
6. **代码找茬(额外加分)**:找出你自己代码中是否存在`System.out`直接调用、硬编码ANSI字符串等"越权行为" |
|||
|
|||
**验收标准**: |
|||
- [x] Maven编译通过 |
|||
- [x] Command接口和4个实现分离在不同文件 |
|||
- [x] Controller里没有switch-case |
|||
- [x] 新增命令只需新建类,不改Controller |
|||
- [x] list命令能正确显示空列表 |
|||
- [x] 所有输出均通过ConsoleView完成,无直接System.out.println(main除外) |
|||
- [x] ANSI颜色码集中定义为View常量 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 五、课后作业 |
|||
|
|||
### 5.1 必做任务 |
|||
|
|||
1. **完善Article**:增加`author`、`publishDate`字段 |
|||
2. **★ HistoryCommand(强制作业)**: |
|||
- 实现`history`命令,记录用户输入过的所有命令 |
|||
- 使用`List<String>`存储历史(复习W8集合) |
|||
- 示例输出: |
|||
``` |
|||
crawler> history |
|||
1. help |
|||
2. list |
|||
3. crawl https://example.com |
|||
``` |
|||
3. **AI架构审计**:将类名和方法名发给AI,指令: |
|||
> "作为Java架构审计师,请检查我的MVC三层划分是否存在越权行为?Model层是否包含输入输出代码?View层是否越权写了业务逻辑?有没有地方直接使用了System.out或硬编码ANSI码?" |
|||
|
|||
### 5.2 选做任务 |
|||
|
|||
1. **命令别名**:给`crawl`增加别名`c`,`help`增加别名`h` |
|||
2. **URL验证**:检查URL格式是否以http://或https://开头 |
|||
3. **暗色主题**:实现不同的配色方案(利用View中的ANSI常量,只需修改一处即可) |
|||
4. **思考并回答**:分析`List<Article>`共享引用的潜在风险,写一段200字的小结 |
|||
|
|||
### 5.3 思考题 |
|||
|
|||
1. **Command vs switch-case**:增加10个命令,哪种方式代码改动量更小? |
|||
2. **如果不用Command接口,直接用Map存命令类行不行?** 接口的意义是什么? |
|||
3. **Controller里的`commands.put()`能否减少?** 提示:思考"注册机制" |
|||
4. **为什么ExitCommand里的`view.printSuccess("Bye!")`比直接`System.out.println`更"MVC"?** 提示:回忆View的职责 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 六、AI协同升级 |
|||
|
|||
### 架构审计师任务(必做) |
|||
|
|||
**学生执行步骤**: |
|||
1. 列出项目中所有类名(不含方法实现) |
|||
2. 将类名列表发给AI |
|||
3. 输入指令: |
|||
> "作为Java架构审计师,请检查我的MVC三层划分是否清晰。Model层是否包含了不应该有的代码(Scanner/System.out)?View层是否越权写了业务逻辑?请指出任何一处直接使用System.out.println的地方,并建议如何改正。" |
|||
|
|||
**预期AI输出**: |
|||
- 指出哪一层有越权行为 |
|||
- 建议如何整改 |
|||
- 评价整体架构健康度 |
|||
|
|||
### 进阶AI探究(选做) |
|||
|
|||
> "假设我的Command接口中execute方法接收了一个`List<Article>`参数,请分析这种设计在工程上有什么隐患,并给出重构建议。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 七、教学反思与调整记录 |
|||
|
|||
| 日期 | 事项 | 调整内容 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 2026-04-28 | 首次编写 | 基于CLI+MVC重构 | |
|||
| 2026-04-30 | 教授反馈 | 引入Command模式、提供Maven模板、升级AI协同比 | |
|||
| 2026-04-30 | 逻辑重排 | 按"问题→选择→架构→模式"顺序重写 | |
|||
| 2026-05-01 | v2 vs V3合并 | 融合深度改进:增加教育哲学、批判性思考、ANSI常量、共享List隐患、故意埋坑 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 附录1:Maven模板说明 |
|||
|
|||
> 老师提供`my-crawler-template.zip`压缩包,包含: |
|||
> - pom.xml(含Jsoup依赖) |
|||
> - 空的src/main/java结构 |
|||
> - .gitignore |
|||
|
|||
## 附录2:常见问题速查 |
|||
|
|||
| 问题 | 解答 | |
|||
|------|------| |
|||
| IDEA不识别pom.xml | 右键 pom.xml → Maven → Reload Project | |
|||
| 中文乱码 | Settings → Editor → File Encodings → UTF-8 | |
|||
| 包名大小写 | 包名全小写,类名首字母大写 | |
|||
| Command找不到 | 检查是否 implements Command,是否 @Override getName() | |
|||
| 命令不生效 | 检查 commands.put() 是否注册了该命令 | |
|||
| 输出颜色乱码 | IDEA控制台需支持ANSI,Windows下建议使用Windows Terminal或调整设置 | |
|||
| 我的System.out为什么被老师说越权 | View层才是与用户交互的唯一出口,所有输出都应通过View,这样将来改成GUI或日志时只需改View | |
|||
|
|||
## 附录3:教学逻辑说明 |
|||
|
|||
| 顺序 | 内容 | 设计理由 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 1 | 痛点引入 | 从问题出发,让学生感受"为什么需要架构" | |
|||
| 2 | CLI vs GUI | 解释技术选型,建立"工程思维 > 视觉装饰"的认知 | |
|||
| 3 | MVC分层 | 核心架构概念,理解职责分离,通过类比及批判加深理解 | |
|||
| 4 | Command模式 | 具体实现方式,解决"肥控制器"问题 | |
|||
| 5 | Maven | 工具链支持 | |
|||
| 6 | 代码落地 | 实践验证,刻意植入细节规范,训练工程洁癖 | |
|||
| 7 | 架构反思 | 暴露共享可变状态隐患,为W10策略模式+仓库层做铺垫 | |
|||
| 8 | 实践任务 | 现场编码验证 | |
|||
| 9 | 总结 | 强化认知,预告下周 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 版本说明 |
|||
|
|||
- **v1**:首次编写,CLI+MVC基础框架 |
|||
- **v2**:按"问题→选择→架构→模式"逻辑重排 |
|||
- **v3 (本版)**:融合v2结构 + V3深度改进,包含: |
|||
- 更深的CLI教育哲学 |
|||
- 餐厅类比批判性思考 |
|||
- ANSI常量集中管理工程细节 |
|||
- 全部输出走View |
|||
- 共享List架构隐患反思 |
|||
- 故意埋坑让学生找茬 |
|||
- W10铺垫(策略模式+仓库层) |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ |
|||
#Generated by Maven |
|||
#Thu Apr 30 11:50:54 CST 2026 |
|||
artifactId=datacollect-cli |
|||
groupId=com.example |
|||
version=0.1.0 |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\command\CrawlCommand.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\model\Article.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\command\HelpCommand.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\Main.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\view\ConsoleView.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\strategy\BlogStrategy.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\strategy\StrategyFactory.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\repository\ArticleRepository.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\strategy\CrawlStrategy.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\strategy\HnuNewsStrategy.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\strategy\NewsStrategy.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\controller\CrawlerController.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\command\ListCommand.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\command\ExitCommand.java |
|||
K:\teach-space\java-cli\src\main\java\com\example\datacollect\command\Command.java |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,530 @@ |
|||
## 高级程序设计 · 第9周 |
|||
|
|||
#### 工程架构:从"写代码"到"造系统" |
|||
|
|||
##### CLI + MVC + Command模式实战 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 📌 本周导航 |
|||
|
|||
- 痛点引入:脚本的宿命 |
|||
- CLI vs GUI:为什么选命令行? |
|||
- MVC分层:职责分离的艺术 |
|||
- Command模式:可扩展的路由 |
|||
- Maven模板:工程化第一步 |
|||
- 代码落地:从接口到实现 |
|||
- 架构反思:共享数据的隐患 |
|||
- 实践任务 + 课后作业 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 1️⃣ 痛点引入:从脚本到工程的鸿沟 |
|||
|
|||
#### 这是一段“意大利面”爬虫 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class Crawler { |
|||
public static void main(String[] args) { |
|||
System.out.print("请输入URL: "); |
|||
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); |
|||
String url = scanner.nextLine(); |
|||
List titles = new ArrayList(); |
|||
try { |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
Elements elements = doc.select(".post-title"); |
|||
for (Element e : elements) { |
|||
String title = e.text(); |
|||
System.out.println("标题: " + title); |
|||
titles.add(title); |
|||
} |
|||
} catch (Exception ex) { |
|||
System.out.println("出错啦: " + ex.getMessage()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 脚本的三大痛点 |
|||
|
|||
| 需求 | 需要改哪里? | |
|||
|------|--------------| |
|||
| 保存标题到文件 | 改 main 内部逻辑 | |
|||
| 支持不同网站结构 | 全部重写解析代码 | |
|||
| 彩色输出 | 一个一个改 print | |
|||
|
|||
> 😫 **牵一发而动全身 → 改起来疼** |
|||
|
|||
### 本周目标:**让代码“改起来不疼”** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 2️⃣ CLI vs GUI:架构选择的思考 |
|||
|
|||
### 图形界面 vs 命令行 |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | GUI (JavaFX) | CLI (命令行) | |
|||
|------|--------------|-------------| |
|||
| 学习重心 | 布局、控件、事件 | **架构、分层、路由** | |
|||
| 后端能力 | 弱 | 模拟真实服务器 | |
|||
| 工程思维 | 弱(关注视觉) | **强(关注逻辑)** | |
|||
| 可测试性 | 难 | 易 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 核心观点 |
|||
|
|||
> **CLI 更需要 MVC!** |
|||
|
|||
- GUI 有现成事件系统,框架强塞给你一套架构 |
|||
- CLI 只有字符流 → **没有架构,分分钟写成脚本** |
|||
|
|||
> 🎯 **当外部约束消失,内部的工程纪律才真正开始建立** |
|||
|
|||
### CLI 也能很酷 |
|||
|
|||
- ANSI 彩色输出 |
|||
- 表格展示数据 |
|||
- 模拟大数据/后端开发 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 3️⃣ MVC 分层设计 |
|||
|
|||
### MVC 的起源与演进 |
|||
|
|||
| 年代 | 场景 | MVC的角色 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 1970s | Smalltalk-72 GUI | 最早的用户界面架构 | |
|||
| 1990s | Web开发 (Struts) | 后端模板引擎 | |
|||
| 2000s | ASP.NET MVC | 现代Web框架 | |
|||
| 2020s | CLI + API | 解耦业务逻辑与表现层 | |
|||
|
|||
**核心不变:职责分离** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## MVC 三层职责 |
|||
|
|||
![[mvc.png]] |
|||
``` |
|||
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ |
|||
│ 入口 │ |
|||
│ (main方法) │ |
|||
└─────────────────┬───────────────────────┘ |
|||
▼ |
|||
┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ |
|||
│ Controller │ |
|||
│ 只管"派给谁",不管"怎么做" │ |
|||
└─────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┘ |
|||
▼ ▼ |
|||
┌─────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────┐ |
|||
│ Model │ │ View │ |
|||
│ 管"数据" │ │ 管"呈现" │ |
|||
│ + 业务逻辑 │ │ + 输入输出 │ |
|||
└─────────────────┘ └─────────────────┘ |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 三层“禁止做什么” |
|||
|
|||
| 层级 | 禁止行为 | |
|||
| -------------- | -------------------------------------- | |
|||
| **Model** | 不能有 `System.out.println`,不能有 `Scanner` | |
|||
| **View** | 不能写爬虫逻辑,只做“传声筒” | |
|||
| **Controller** | 不能直接写业务细节,委托给 Command | |
|||
|
|||
> 🔴 **越权就是架构腐败的开始** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 🍽️ 餐厅类比(帮助理解) |
|||
|
|||
- **Model = 后厨**:只管做菜,不管谁来吃、怎么端 |
|||
- **View = 服务员**:只管端菜和收钱,不管菜怎么做 |
|||
- **Controller = 前台**:接单 → 派给后厨 → 叫服务员上菜 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 🤔 对类比的批判性思考(关键!) |
|||
|
|||
> 任何类比都有边界,不要当成真理 |
|||
|
|||
| 场景 | 暴露的问题 | |
|||
|------|------------| |
|||
| 客人有忌口(不吃香菜) | 信息需要传到后厨 → Model 可能需要知道 meta 信息 | |
|||
| 服务员反馈“今天的菜咸了” | View → Model 反向影响 | |
|||
| 后厨做完菜通知前台 | **观察者模式**,数据流可能是双向的 | |
|||
|
|||
**本课程简化模型**:请求-响应,单向流 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## MVC 数据流向(本课程简化版) |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
CLI用户输入 |
|||
↓ |
|||
View(解析命令字符串) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Controller(找到对应Command) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Command.execute()(执行业务逻辑) |
|||
↓ |
|||
Model(Article数据,暂存于List) |
|||
↓ |
|||
View(display()展示数据) |
|||
↓ |
|||
CLI终端显示 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 4️⃣ Command 模式:可扩展的命令路由 |
|||
|
|||
### 为什么需要 Command 模式? |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
switch (cmd) { |
|||
case "crawl": handleCrawl(); break; |
|||
case "help": showHelp(); break; |
|||
// 如果要增加 list 命令? |
|||
// 1. 加 case "list" |
|||
// 2. 加 handleList() 方法 |
|||
// 3. 可能还要改其他地方... |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 每加一个功能,就要在这个类里戳一个洞 → **肥控制器陷阱** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Command 模式的四个要素 |
|||
|
|||
| 要素 | 角色 | 示例 | |
|||
|------|------|------| |
|||
| Command接口 | 抽象的“订单” | `Command` | |
|||
| ConcreteCommand | 具体的订单 | `HelpCommand` | |
|||
| Invoker | 接单的前台 | `CrawlerController` | |
|||
| Receiver | 执行者 | `ConsoleView`、`ArticleRepository` | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Command 接口定义 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
package com.crawler.command; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); |
|||
void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Controller 的变革:从 switch 到 Map |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class CrawlerController { |
|||
private Map<String, Command> commands = new HashMap<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlerController(ConsoleView view, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
commands.put("help", new HelpCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("list", new ListCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("crawl", new CrawlCommand(view)); |
|||
commands.put("exit", new ExitCommand(view)); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void handle(String input) { |
|||
// 解析命令 → 从 Map 取 Command → 调用 execute |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> **增加新命令:只需新建类,Controller 零改动!** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 对比:switch-case vs Command |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | switch-case | Command模式 | |
|||
|------|-------------|-------------| |
|||
| 增加命令 | 要改 Controller | 新建一个类 | |
|||
| 多态体验 | 无 | `execute()` 多态 | |
|||
| 可测试性 | 难 | 每个 Command 单独测试 | |
|||
| 代码量 | 少 | 多,但更清晰 | |
|||
|
|||
> 🏨 **类比:酒店客房服务,前台只负责派单** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 5️⃣ Maven 模板与环境(5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
### 直接使用模板,不折腾配置 |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
my-crawler-template.zip |
|||
↓ 解压 + IDEA打开 |
|||
↓ 右键 pom.xml → Maven → Reload Project |
|||
↓ 运行 App.java |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
### 标准目录结构 |
|||
|
|||
``` |
|||
src/main/java/com/crawler/ |
|||
├── model/Article.java |
|||
├── view/ConsoleView.java |
|||
├── command/ |
|||
│ ├── Command.java |
|||
│ ├── CrawlCommand.java |
|||
│ ├── HelpCommand.java |
|||
│ ├── ListCommand.java |
|||
│ └── ExitCommand.java |
|||
└── controller/CrawlerController.java |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 6️⃣ 代码落地(分步实现) |
|||
|
|||
### Model:Article 实体 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class Article { |
|||
private String title; |
|||
private String url; |
|||
private String content; |
|||
// 构造器、getter/setter、toString |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 📦 只存放数据,没有任何输入输出代码 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## View:ConsoleView(ANSI常量集中管理) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class ConsoleView { |
|||
private static final String ANSI_GREEN = "\033[32m"; |
|||
private static final String ANSI_RED = "\033[31m"; |
|||
// ... 其他常量 |
|||
|
|||
public void printSuccess(String msg) { |
|||
System.out.println(ANSI_GREEN + msg + ANSI_RESET); |
|||
} |
|||
public void printError(String msg) { ... } |
|||
public void display(List<Article> articles) { ... } |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> ✨ **所有颜色码集中定义 → 改主题只需改一处** |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Command 实现示例(HelpCommand) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class HelpCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public HelpCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "help"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
view.printInfo("Commands: crawl <url>, list, help, exit"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> ⚠️ 全部输出通过 `view`,绝不让 `System.out` 直接出现在这里 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## CrawlCommand(存根,下周填坑) |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class CrawlCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public CrawlCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "crawl"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("Usage: crawl <url>"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
view.printInfo("Stub: Would crawl " + args[1]); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🔍 **找茬点**:这里拼接字符串算是“业务逻辑”吗?留给大家用 AI 审计。 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## ExitCommand |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class ExitCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public ExitCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "exit"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
view.printSuccess("Bye!"); |
|||
System.exit(0); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> ✅ 所有输出都通过 View → 将来改 GUI 只需换 View 实现 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Controller + main 组装 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// Controller 中持有 Map<String,Command> |
|||
// App.java 中: |
|||
ConsoleView view = new ConsoleView(); |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
CrawlerController controller = new CrawlerController(view, articles); |
|||
view.printSuccess("Welcome to CLI Crawler!"); |
|||
while (true) { |
|||
controller.handle(view.readLine()); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> 🔁 完成交互循环 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 7️⃣ 架构反思:共享 List<Article> 的隐患 |
|||
|
|||
### 当前问题 |
|||
|
|||
- 所有 Command 都直接拿到 `List<Article>` 引用 |
|||
- 任何一个命令都可以随意增、删、改列表 |
|||
- 数据完全“裸奔” |
|||
|
|||
> 🚨 就像酒店所有员工都能进保险箱 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 提问 |
|||
|
|||
- 如果 `CrawlCommand` 不小心把 `null` 塞进列表,`ListCommand` 会怎样? |
|||
- 如果我们要在添加文章时写日志,现在的设计能优雅实现吗? |
|||
|
|||
### 预告解决方案(W10) |
|||
|
|||
- **策略模式** + **仓库层(ArticleRepository)** |
|||
- 封装 `List`,对外只暴露 `add()`、`getAll()` 等安全接口 |
|||
|
|||
> W9 搭骨架,W10 装上盔甲 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 8️⃣ 实践任务(现场5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
### 必做项 |
|||
|
|||
1. 使用 Maven 模板创建项目 |
|||
2. 实现完整包结构(model/view/command/controller) |
|||
3. 实现 4 个 Command:help / list / crawl / exit |
|||
4. `list` 能展示已抓取的文章(目前存根即可) |
|||
5. 运行并测试循环 |
|||
|
|||
### 额外加分:代码找茬 |
|||
|
|||
- 检查是否仍有 `System.out` 直接调用 |
|||
- 检查 ANSI 码是否硬编码在多个地方 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 验收标准 |
|||
|
|||
- [x] Maven 编译通过 |
|||
- [x] Command 接口和 4 个实现在不同文件 |
|||
- [x] Controller 里没有 switch-case |
|||
- [x] 新增命令只需新建类,不改 Controller |
|||
- [x] list 能正确显示空列表 |
|||
- [x] 所有输出均通过 `ConsoleView` |
|||
- [x] ANSI 颜色码集中定义为常量 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 9️⃣ 课后作业 |
|||
|
|||
### 必做 |
|||
|
|||
1. **完善 Article**:增加 `author`、`publishDate` 字段 |
|||
2. **★ HistoryCommand**:记录用户输入过的所有命令(用 `List<String>`) |
|||
3. **AI 架构审计**:将类名发给 AI,指令: |
|||
> “作为Java架构审计师,请检查我的MVC三层划分是否存在越权行为?” |
|||
|
|||
### 选做 |
|||
|
|||
- 命令别名(c 代替 crawl) |
|||
- URL 格式验证 |
|||
- 暗色主题(修改一处常量) |
|||
- 思考题:分析 `List<Article>` 共享引用的风险(200字小结) |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 🤖 AI 协同升级 |
|||
|
|||
### 架构审计师任务(必做) |
|||
|
|||
**步骤**: |
|||
1. 列出所有类名(不含方法实现) |
|||
2. 发给 AI |
|||
3. 指令:“检查 MVC 分层是否清晰,是否有越权行为” |
|||
|
|||
### 进阶探究(选做) |
|||
|
|||
> “假设我的 Command 接口中 execute 方法接收了一个 `List<Article>` 参数,请分析这种设计在工程上有什么隐患,并给出重构建议。” |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 📚 总结与过渡 |
|||
|
|||
### 本周成果 |
|||
|
|||
- ✅ 工程化包结构 |
|||
- ✅ MVC 分层清晰 |
|||
- ✅ Command 模式实现可扩展路由 |
|||
- ✅ 所有输出走 View,常量集中管理 |
|||
|
|||
### 下周预告 |
|||
|
|||
- **策略模式**:封装爬取算法 |
|||
- **仓库层(Repository)**:武装 `List<Article>`,解决共享隐患 |
|||
|
|||
> 🚀 从“写代码”到“造系统”,踏出坚实第一步! |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## Q&A |
|||
|
|||
### 常见问题 |
|||
|
|||
| 问题 | 解答 | |
|||
|------|------| |
|||
| IDEA 不识别 pom.xml | 右键 → Maven → Reload Project | |
|||
| 中文乱码 | Settings → File Encodings → UTF-8 | |
|||
| 输出颜色乱码 | Windows 建议使用 Windows Terminal | |
|||
| 我的 System.out 被批评 | View 才是唯一输出出口 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 谢谢! |
|||
|
|||
### 课件已上传,模板在课程群 |
|||
|
|||
**保持工程洁癖,下周见!** |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,705 @@ |
|||
# 教案:《高级程序设计》第10周——设计模式:灵活性与可扩展性 |
|||
|
|||
| 项目 | 内容 | |
|||
| -------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
|||
| **课程名称** | 高级程序设计 | |
|||
| **周次** | 第10周 | |
|||
| **主题** | 设计模式——灵活性与可扩展性 | |
|||
| **学时** | 2学时(90分钟) | |
|||
| **授课对象** | 已完成第9周CLI+MVC架构学习,具备Command模式基础 | |
|||
| **教学环境** | JDK 17+、IntelliJ IDEA、Maven | |
|||
| **前情提要** | W9搭建了CLI骨架:MVC分层 + Command路由,但留下了两大隐患——解析逻辑耦合在Command中、List\<Article\>共享引用裸奔 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 教学调整说明:为什么W10要在“骨架”上装“盔甲”? |
|||
|
|||
> **W9成果**:一个可扩展的命令行骨架 → **W9痛点**:解析器与数据存储仍在“裸奔” |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | W9状态 | W10目标 | |
|||
|------|--------|---------| |
|||
| **架构** | MVC分层清晰 | MVC + 策略模式 + 仓库层 | |
|||
| **命令扩展** | 新增命令不改Controller | 新增解析器不改任何旧代码 | |
|||
| **数据安全** | List\<Article\>全员可写 | Repository封装,只暴露安全接口 | |
|||
| **解析逻辑** | 硬编码在CrawlCommand内 | 策略模式,按URL自动匹配 | |
|||
| **代码量** | ~8个类 | ~12个类,但每个更小更纯粹 | |
|||
|
|||
**决策理由**: |
|||
1. W9学生已经感受到Command模式的好处——**多态带来的扩展性** |
|||
2. 策略模式是多态思想的又一次实战,是**接口抽象的深化** |
|||
3. 仓库层是“封装”这一OOP核心原则的落地,补上W9留下的课 |
|||
4. 解析器工厂让学生看到**“自动匹配”**的威力——增加网站支持只需新增一个类 |
|||
|
|||
**更深层的教育价值**: |
|||
> W9教会学生“怎么把代码分开”,W10要教会学生“怎么把代码分开后还能优雅地合上”——**接口即合同,工厂即自动匹配,仓库即数据守卫**。这三句话,就是本周的全部精华。 |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 一、教学目标 |
|||
|
|||
| 目标维度 | 具体描述 | |
|||
|----------|----------| |
|||
| **知识掌握** | 理解策略模式的定义与多态本质;掌握工厂模式的两类变体(工厂方法/简单工厂)及适用场景;理解仓库模式对数据访问的封装原理。 | |
|||
| **工程实践** | 能在爬虫项目中用策略模式封装不同网站的解析逻辑;能实现解析器工厂,根据URL自动匹配解析策略;能用Repository模式替代裸List,提供安全的数据访问接口。 | |
|||
| **思维转型** | 从“写死逻辑”转向“策略可插拔”;从“直接操作集合”转向“通过仓库存取”;理解“对扩展开放,对修改关闭”的开闭原则。 | |
|||
| **工具应用** | 利用AI审查策略模式实现是否真正解耦;让AI扮演“网站结构分析师”辅助编写具体解析策略;用AI生成Repository的安全接口建议。 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 二、教学重点与难点 |
|||
|
|||
| 项目 | 内容 | 突破方法 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| **重点** | 策略模式的多态本质、解析器工厂的自动匹配机制、Repository对数据访问的封装 | 以“新增网站需要改什么”为切入点,展示策略模式的开闭原则达成;通过“攻击”当前List裸奔的问题,引出Repository的必然性 | |
|||
| **难点** | 理解“接口即合同”的抽象思维、工厂模式中反射/Map注册的实现、仓库层与Strategy模式的协同 | 用“插座与电器”类比接口标准;现场演示从硬编码→工厂→反射的演进路径;用时序图展示“用户→Command→Strategy→Repository”的完整调用链 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 三、教学过程设计(90分钟) |
|||
|
|||
| 环节 | 时间 | 教学内容 | 师生活动 | AI协同点 | |
|||
| -------------------------- | --- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | |
|||
| **1. W9回顾与痛点暴露** | 8' | 回顾W9成果(CLI骨架),暴露两大隐患:①CrawlCommand里解析逻辑硬编码;②List\<Article\>全员可读可写 | **教师演示**:展示W9代码,用“事故场景”引发思考 | — | |
|||
| **2. 策略模式:解析器的“插头标准化”** | 18' | 策略模式定义、接口设计、多态调用、与Command模式的对比 | **类比**:插座与电器;**教师演示**:从if-else到策略模式的演进 | 让AI生成“策略模式vs switch-case”对比 | |
|||
| **3. 解析器工厂:自动匹配的魔法** | 14' | 工厂模式的两种形态(简单工厂→Map注册工厂),解析器工厂实现 | **教师演示**:先用if-else判断host,再升级为Map注册工厂 | 让AI解释工厂模式与策略模式如何协同 | |
|||
| **4. Repository模式:武装数据访问** | 12' | Repository定义、接口设计、替换List\<Article\>后的影响 | **教师演示**:在原代码中把List替换为Repository,展示改动点 | 学生用AI审计Repository接口的“最小完备性” | |
|||
| **5. 整体架构串联** | 8' | 用一张时序图串联:用户→CLI→Controller→Command→Strategy→Repository→Model | **师生互动**:让学生在白板上画出调用链 | — | |
|||
| **6. 代码落地** | 20' | 实现CrawlStrategy接口 + 两个策略 + 解析器工厂 + ArticleRepository | **教师演示**:分步写出代码,刻意埋入“策略匹配失败”的异常处理 | 完成后用AI检查策略模式实现 | |
|||
| **7. 架构反思与W11预告** | 5' | 当前架构还有什么隐患?(异常处理不统一、日志缺失)→ 预告W11健壮性工程 | **师生互动**:如果解析器工厂找不到匹配策略,会发生什么? | — | |
|||
| **8. 实践任务** | 5' | 实现策略模式和仓库层,完成本周代码升级 | 学生现场编码,教师巡视 | — | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 四、核心教学内容脚本 |
|||
|
|||
### 4.1 W9回顾与痛点暴露(8分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "上节课我们搭了一个很漂亮的骨架——CLI+MVC+Command模式。我们先来表扬一下自己:新增一个命令,只要新建一个类,Controller零改动。但请大家想一个问题——" |
|||
|
|||
**投影展示W9的CrawlCommand存根**: |
|||
```java |
|||
public class CrawlCommand implements Command { |
|||
// ... |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("Usage: crawl <url>"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
view.printInfo("Stub: Would crawl " + args[1]); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**提问引导**: |
|||
1. "这个存根下周要填坑了。假设我们现在要真正实现爬取,代码写在哪?" |
|||
2. "如果我要支持两个网站——比如一个技术博客和一个新闻网站——它们的HTML结构完全不一样,这个`execute`方法会变成什么样?" |
|||
|
|||
**展示“噩梦版”CrawlCommand**: |
|||
```java |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
String url = args[1]; |
|||
// 五十行if-else地狱... |
|||
if (url.contains("blog.example.com")) { |
|||
// 解析技术博客的HTML |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
Elements titles = doc.select(".post-title"); |
|||
for (Element e : titles) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
} else if (url.contains("news.example.com")) { |
|||
// 解析新闻网站的HTML |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
Elements items = doc.select(".article-headline"); |
|||
for (Element e : items) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
} else { |
|||
view.printError("Unsupported website!"); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**痛点提炼**: |
|||
> "看到了吗?每支持一个新网站,就要在这里加一个`else if`。这就是W1我们痛批的'牵一发而动全身',只不过这次灾难地点从`main`搬到了`CrawlCommand`。" |
|||
> |
|||
> "更重要的是,我们上节课辛辛苦苦实现了Command模式,难道解析逻辑又要回到if-else地狱吗?**这就是W10要解决的第一个问题:怎么让解析逻辑也可插拔?**" |
|||
|
|||
**第二个隐患——共享状态的回顾**: |
|||
> "还有一件事,我们上节课结束前提到的:`List<Article> articles`在所有Command之间共享。任何一个Command都可以往里面塞东西、删东西、甚至清空。这是W10要解决的第二个问题:**怎么给数据装上'防盗门'?**" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.2 策略模式:解析器的“插头标准化”(18分钟) |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.2.1 从类比切入 |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "先讲个生活场景。你家里墙上有一个三孔插座,你可以插电视、插电脑、插手机充电器——任何符合这个标准的电器都能用。插座不在乎你是什么电器,它只认接口标准。" |
|||
|
|||
**类比映射**: |
|||
|
|||
| 生活场景 | 代码对应 | |
|||
|----------|----------| |
|||
| 三孔插座 | `CrawlStrategy` 接口 | |
|||
| 电视/电脑充电器 | 具体解析策略(BlogStrategy/NewsStrategy) | |
|||
| 电流 | 输入:URL + Document;输出:List\<Article\> | |
|||
| 你(使用者) | CrawlCommand | |
|||
| 插座面板 | 解析器工厂 | |
|||
|
|||
> "策略模式的核心思想就是:**定义一个算法接口,让具体的算法实现可以互相替换,而使用算法的客户端不受影响。**" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.2.2 策略模式定义 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/strategy/CrawlStrategy.java |
|||
package com.crawler.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import org.jsoup.nodes.Document; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public interface CrawlStrategy { |
|||
/** |
|||
* 从已获取的Document中解析文章列表 |
|||
* @param url 原始请求URL(用于填充Article) |
|||
* @param doc Jsoup解析后的Document |
|||
* @return 解析出的文章列表 |
|||
*/ |
|||
List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc); |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 判断此策略是否为给定URL服务 |
|||
* @param url 待判断的URL |
|||
* @return true表示此策略可以处理该URL |
|||
*/ |
|||
boolean supports(String url); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "注意,策略接口里有两个方法。`parse`是干活的那个,`supports`是'我能不能干这个活'——这是什么?**这是合同!** 任何网站想被我们爬虫支持,就必须签署这份合同:告诉我你是不是我的客户(supports),以及怎么解析你(parse)。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.2.3 具体策略实现示例 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// BlogStrategy.java - 技术博客解析策略 |
|||
public class BlogStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("blog.example.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
Elements titles = doc.select(".post-title"); |
|||
for (Element e : titles) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// NewsStrategy.java - 新闻网站解析策略 |
|||
public class NewsStrategy implements CrawlStrategy { |
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean supports(String url) { |
|||
return url.contains("news.example.com"); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public List<Article> parse(String url, Document doc) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
Elements items = doc.select(".article-headline"); |
|||
for (Element e : items) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article(e.text(), url, "")); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**对比:策略模式 vs 硬编码if-else** |
|||
|
|||
| 维度 | if-else屎山 | 策略模式 | |
|||
|------|-------------|----------| |
|||
| 新增网站 | 改CrawlCommand,加else if | 新写一个类,实现CrawlStrategy | |
|||
| 修改解析逻辑 | 在CrawlCommand里翻找对应的else if | 只改对应策略类 | |
|||
| 测试 | 必须启动整个爬虫 | 单独对Strategy做单元测试 | |
|||
| 是否符合开闭原则 | ❌ 对修改开放 | ✅ 对扩展开放,对修改关闭 | |
|||
|
|||
**与Command模式的对比(加深理解)**: |
|||
> "上节课Command模式,我们为每个命令定义一个类;这节课策略模式,我们为每个网站的解析算法定义一个类。**本质上都是同一个OOP思想:用多态替代条件分支。** 只不过Command的接口是`execute()`,Strategy的接口是`parse()`。" |
|||
> |
|||
> "这张图你们可以记下来:**接口是消除if-else的利器,多态是接口的灵魂。**" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.3 解析器工厂:自动匹配的魔法(14分钟) |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.1 问题引出 |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "现在我们有A网站的策略、B网站的策略。问题来了:谁来选策略?谁来遍历所有策略,找到一个supports返回true的?" |
|||
> |
|||
> "如果把这个逻辑写在CrawlCommand里,那策略模式就白用了——CrawlCommand还是得'知道'有哪些策略。我们要的是一个黑盒子:**把URL丢进去,自动弹出一个合适的解析器。**" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.2 解析器工厂的实现 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/strategy/StrategyFactory.java |
|||
package com.crawler.strategy; |
|||
|
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class StrategyFactory { |
|||
private final List<CrawlStrategy> strategies = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
// 注册策略——新的网站只需在这里加一行 |
|||
public StrategyFactory() { |
|||
strategies.add(new BlogStrategy()); |
|||
strategies.add(new NewsStrategy()); |
|||
// 未来增加新网站:strategies.add(new XxxStrategy()); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 根据URL自动匹配解析策略 |
|||
* @param url 目标URL |
|||
* @return 匹配的策略,如果没有匹配返回null |
|||
*/ |
|||
public CrawlStrategy getStrategy(String url) { |
|||
for (CrawlStrategy s : strategies) { |
|||
if (s.supports(url)) { |
|||
return s; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return null; // 未找到匹配策略 |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "这个工厂类足够简单:一个List存所有策略,一个方法遍历找到匹配的。但简单不等于不强大。** |
|||
> |
|||
> **关键点**:新增网站支持,只需要——" |
|||
1. 写一个`XxxStrategy`实现`CrawlStrategy` |
|||
2. 在工厂构造器里加一行`strategies.add(new XxxStrategy())` |
|||
> |
|||
> "CrawlCommand一行不改。这就是开闭原则的胜利。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.3 从简单工厂到更高级的注册机制(拓展思维) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "有同学可能会问:还要在工厂构造器里加一行,能不能做到完全零改动?当然可以——用反射或者SPI。" |
|||
|
|||
**演示概念(不要求实现)**: |
|||
```java |
|||
// 进阶思路:扫描指定包下的所有CrawlStrategy实现类 |
|||
// 用反射自动注册,真正做到“新增类即生效” |
|||
// 这是Spring框架的核心思想之一 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> "这个技术我们暂时不要求掌握,但我希望你们知道:你现在写的每一个`new XxxStrategy()`,在未来都可能进化为框架级别的自动装配。**你现在建立的思维习惯,决定了你未来能走多高。**" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.3.4 重构后的CrawlCommand |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
public class CrawlCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
private StrategyFactory strategyFactory; |
|||
private ArticleRepository repository; // 注意:这里是Repository了! |
|||
|
|||
public CrawlCommand(ConsoleView v, StrategyFactory f, ArticleRepository r) { |
|||
this.view = v; |
|||
this.strategyFactory = f; |
|||
this.repository = r; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getName() { return "crawl"; } |
|||
|
|||
public void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles) { |
|||
if (args.length < 2) { |
|||
view.printError("Usage: crawl <url>"); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
String url = args[1]; |
|||
|
|||
// 1. 工厂自动选策略 |
|||
CrawlStrategy strategy = strategyFactory.getStrategy(url); |
|||
if (strategy == null) { |
|||
view.printError("No strategy found for: " + url); |
|||
return; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// 2. 抓取页面 |
|||
view.printInfo("Crawling: " + url); |
|||
try { |
|||
Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); |
|||
List<Article> parsed = strategy.parse(url, doc); |
|||
|
|||
// 3. 通过仓库存入(而不是直接操作List) |
|||
for (Article a : parsed) { |
|||
repository.add(a); |
|||
} |
|||
view.printSuccess("Crawled " + parsed.size() + " articles."); |
|||
} catch (IOException e) { |
|||
view.printError("Failed to crawl: " + e.getMessage()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "注意这个CrawlCommand现在的职责:拿到URL → 交给工厂选策略 → 执行解析 → 交给仓库存储。**它自己在干什么?在调度!** 这就是上节课我们讲的Controller的'调度思维',现在向Command内部延伸了。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.4 Repository模式:武装数据访问(12分钟) |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.1 问题重提 |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "回到上节课结束时的那个问题:`List<Article>`在所有Command之间共享。任何一个Command都可以做这些事——" |
|||
```java |
|||
articles.clear(); // 清空所有文章 |
|||
articles.add(null); // 塞入null |
|||
articles.remove(0); // 随意删除 |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
> "如果一个新同事接手开发,他不知道'不要动这个List'的潜规则,写了一个`articles.clear()`,你的`list`命令就突然什么都不显示了。**靠代码约定维护的秩序,早晚会被打破。我们需要实体的'规则'——代码层面的约束。**" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.2 ArticleRepository的定义 |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// src/main/java/com/crawler/repository/ArticleRepository.java |
|||
package com.crawler.repository; |
|||
|
|||
import com.crawler.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.Collections; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
|
|||
public class ArticleRepository { |
|||
private final List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 添加一篇文章。注意:不接受null,这是代码层面的规则,不是口头约定。 |
|||
*/ |
|||
public void add(Article article) { |
|||
if (article == null) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Article cannot be null"); |
|||
} |
|||
articles.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 获取所有文章的只读视图 |
|||
* 调用者无法通过此返回值修改内部数据 |
|||
*/ |
|||
public List<Article> getAll() { |
|||
return Collections.unmodifiableList(articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 获取文章数量 |
|||
*/ |
|||
public int size() { |
|||
return articles.size(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
/** |
|||
* 清空(仅管理员可调——下一篇:权限控制) |
|||
*/ |
|||
public void clear() { |
|||
articles.clear(); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "三个关键设计点——" |
|||
> |
|||
> - **add()拒绝null**:规则写在代码里,不是写在邮件里 |
|||
> - **getAll()返回不可修改的视图**:`Collections.unmodifiableList()`——调用者如果尝试add/remove,会**直接抛异常**,不是'悄悄的bug' |
|||
> - **ClearCommand要清空数据?调`repository.clear()`**,而不是直接操作List |
|||
> |
|||
> "这就是面向对象的第一课——封装。把数据藏起来,只暴露安全的方法。从'直接操作集合'到'通过仓库存取',是程序员成熟度的分水岭。" |
|||
|
|||
#### 4.4.3 仓库引入后的架构变化 |
|||
|
|||
**Command接口的execute方法调整**: |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// 调整前(W9) |
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); |
|||
void execute(String[] args, List<Article> articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// 调整后(W10) |
|||
public interface Command { |
|||
String getName(); |
|||
void execute(String[] args, ArticleRepository repository); |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "这个改动很小——把`List<Article>`换成`ArticleRepository`。但语义完全不同:之前是'给你数据随便玩',现在是'给你一个安全的存取通道'。" |
|||
|
|||
**所有Command同步调整**: |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// ListCommand.java - 调整后 |
|||
public class ListCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public ListCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "list"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, ArticleRepository repository) { |
|||
view.display(repository.getAll()); // 通过仓库获取数据 |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
// ClearCommand.java(新增示例) |
|||
public class ClearCommand implements Command { |
|||
private ConsoleView view; |
|||
public ClearCommand(ConsoleView v) { this.view = v; } |
|||
public String getName() { return "clear"; } |
|||
public void execute(String[] args, ArticleRepository repository) { |
|||
repository.clear(); |
|||
view.printSuccess("All articles cleared."); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**Controller和main的调整**: |
|||
|
|||
```java |
|||
// App.java - 调整后 |
|||
public class App { |
|||
public static void main(String[] args) { |
|||
ConsoleView view = new ConsoleView(); |
|||
ArticleRepository repository = new ArticleRepository(); // 替代 List<Article> |
|||
StrategyFactory factory = new StrategyFactory(); // 新增 |
|||
|
|||
CrawlerController controller = new CrawlerController(view, repository, factory); |
|||
|
|||
view.printSuccess("Welcome to CLI Crawler v2.0!"); |
|||
view.printInfo("Type 'help' for commands."); |
|||
|
|||
while (true) { |
|||
controller.handle(view.readLine()); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.5 整体架构串联(8分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "现在我们把所有部件串起来,看看一个`crawl https://blog.example.com`命令走过的完整路径。" |
|||
|
|||
**时序图(口述配白板绘制)**: |
|||
``` |
|||
用户输入 "crawl https://blog.example.com" |
|||
│ |
|||
▼ |
|||
ConsoleView.readLine() |
|||
│ |
|||
▼ |
|||
CrawlerController.handle("crawl https://blog.example.com") |
|||
│ Map查找 "crawl" → CrawlCommand |
|||
▼ |
|||
CrawlCommand.execute(args, repository) |
|||
│ |
|||
├─► StrategyFactory.getStrategy(url) |
|||
│ │ 遍历List<CrawlStrategy> |
|||
│ │ BlogStrategy.supports(url) → true! |
|||
│ ▼ |
|||
│ 返回 BlogStrategy |
|||
│ |
|||
├─► Jsoup.connect(url).get() → Document |
|||
│ |
|||
├─► BlogStrategy.parse(url, doc) → List<Article> |
|||
│ |
|||
└─► for each article: repository.add(article) |
|||
│ |
|||
▼ |
|||
ArticleRepository.articles.add(article) |
|||
|
|||
最终:ConsoleView.printSuccess("Crawled N articles.") |
|||
``` |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "七步调用,每一步职责清晰:View负责输入输出,Controller负责路由,Command负责调度,Factory负责匹配,Strategy负责解析,Repository负责存储。**没有哪个类干了两个人的活,也没有哪个类不知道自己的活是什么。**" |
|||
> |
|||
> "这就是工程化——不是把代码写得快,是把代码写得对。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.6 代码落地(20分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师准备**:课前准备一份“W9升级到W10”的改动清单,现场演示关键改动。 |
|||
|
|||
**改动清单**: |
|||
1. 新建`strategy/`包,创建`CrawlStrategy`接口 |
|||
2. 新建`strategy/BlogStrategy.java` |
|||
3. 新建`strategy/NewsStrategy.java` |
|||
4. 新建`strategy/StrategyFactory.java` |
|||
5. 新建`repository/`包,创建`ArticleRepository.java` |
|||
6. 修改`Command`接口的`execute`签名 |
|||
7. 修改`CrawlCommand`,引入`StrategyFactory`和`ArticleRepository` |
|||
8. 修改其余所有`Command`实现类 |
|||
9. 修改`CrawlerController`构造器 |
|||
10. 修改`App.java` |
|||
|
|||
**教师演示关键步骤**(重点演示): |
|||
- `ArticleRepository`的`Collections.unmodifiableList()` |
|||
- `StrategyFactory`的遍历匹配逻辑 |
|||
- `CrawlCommand`重写后的调度结构 |
|||
|
|||
**刻意埋入的“找茬点”**: |
|||
> "我在`StrategyFactory.getStrategy()`里,如果没有匹配的策略就返回`null`。然后在`CrawlCommand`里检查null。这其实叫'null object pattern的前奏'——如果我不想让Command检查null,我应该怎么改工厂?大家带着这个问题用AI探究。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.7 架构反思与W11预告(5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**教师口播**: |
|||
> "现在我们的架构比W9强壮多了:解析逻辑可插拔,数据访问有守卫。但还有一些漏洞——" |
|||
|
|||
**逐一点破**: |
|||
1. **异常处理**:`CrawlCommand`用了一个笼统的`catch (IOException e)`,如果解析过程中抛出其他异常怎么办? |
|||
2. **网络超时**:如果目标网站3秒没响应,当前代码会一直等吗? |
|||
3. **日志缺失**:所有的成功/失败信息只输出到终端,如果程序半夜跑,第二天想看昨晚抓了多少——看不了。 |
|||
4. **重试机制**:如果一次失败就直接报错,要不要给个重试的机会? |
|||
|
|||
**W11预告**: |
|||
> "下周,我们会做三件事:**自定义异常体系**、**工程化日志框架**、**防御式编程与重试机制**。W9搭骨架,W10装盔甲,W11要让这个系统**经得起现实的毒打**。" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
### 4.8 实践任务(5分钟) |
|||
|
|||
**任务要求**: |
|||
1. 从W9代码出发,完成W10升级 |
|||
2. 实现至少两个`CrawlStrategy`(可以是模拟的,不要求真实爬取) |
|||
3. 实现`StrategyFactory`和`ArticleRepository` |
|||
4. 确保所有Command通过Repository访问数据 |
|||
5. 运行并测试完整流程 |
|||
|
|||
**验收标准**: |
|||
- [x] 新增策略类只需新建文件+工厂注册一行,其余代码零改动 |
|||
- [x] `ArticleRepository`的`getAll()`返回不可修改视图 |
|||
- [x] `CrawlCommand`不包含任何网站特定的解析逻辑 |
|||
- [x] `StrategyFactory`能根据URL自动匹配正确的策略 |
|||
- [x] 所有Command的`execute`方法签名已更新为`ArticleRepository` |
|||
- [x] 无任何地方直接操作`List<Article>` |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 五、课后作业 |
|||
|
|||
### 5.1 必做任务 |
|||
|
|||
1. **完善ArticleRepository**:增加`addAll(List<Article>)`批量添加方法,注意防御null |
|||
2. **★ AnalyzeCommand(集大成作业)**: |
|||
- 实现`analyze <url>`命令 |
|||
- 内部调用`StrategyFactory`匹配策略 |
|||
- 调用策略解析文章后,**不存到Repository**,而是分析统计信息: |
|||
- 文章总数 |
|||
- 标题平均长度 |
|||
- 按某种规则排名的Top 5 |
|||
- 结果只输出,不存储 |
|||
- **提示**:这就是策略的复用——同一个解析策略,既能为`crawl`服务(存入仓库),也能为`analyze`服务(仅分析) |
|||
|
|||
3. **AI架构审计**:将完整代码的类图(或类名与方法签名列表)发给AI,指令: |
|||
> "作为Java架构审计师,请检查:①策略模式的实现是否正确解耦(CrawlCommand是否仍然包含网站特定逻辑);②Repository是否真正封装了数据访问(是否存在绕过Repository直接操作List的地方);③工厂的匹配逻辑是否存在性能隐患。请给出具体的改进建议。" |
|||
|
|||
### 5.2 选做任务 |
|||
|
|||
1. **正则策略匹配**:将`Supports()`的判断从`url.contains()`改为正则表达式,让一张策略可以匹配一类URL |
|||
2. **默认策略(DefaultStrategy)**:当没有策略匹配时,提供一个通用的“标题提取”逻辑 |
|||
3. **策略优先级**:给每个策略加一个`priority`字段,工厂按优先级匹配(而不是按注册顺序) |
|||
4. **思考并回答(200字)**: |
|||
> "策略模式中,策略的`supports()`方法有可能让两个策略都返回true,这时该选哪个?`StrategyFactory`的遍历顺序会如何影响结果?你有什么解决方案?" |
|||
|
|||
### 5.3 思考题 |
|||
|
|||
1. **Repository与List的区别是什么?** 如果Repository只是包了一层List,为什么还要用? |
|||
2. **策略工厂的演进**:如果网站数量增加到100个,逐个注册的写法还合适吗?你想到什么解决方案? |
|||
3. **`Collections.unmodifiableList()`返回的是什么?** 它真的“不可修改”吗?如果原List被修改,这个不可修改视图会怎样? |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 六、AI协同升级 |
|||
|
|||
### 架构审计师任务(必做) |
|||
|
|||
**学生执行步骤**: |
|||
1. 画出当前项目的类依赖图(手绘或工具生成) |
|||
2. 将类名和依赖关系发给AI |
|||
3. 输入指令: |
|||
> "作为Java架构审计师,请检查这个爬虫项目的架构。重点关注:①策略模式是否真正实现了开闭原则(增加新网站是否真的只需新增类);②Repository封装是否完整(是否有绕过Repository的路径);③是否存在循环依赖。请逐一指出问题并给出改进建议。" |
|||
|
|||
**预期AI输出**: |
|||
- 指出是否还存在“改一处影响多处”的耦合 |
|||
- 判断Repository的API设计是否完备 |
|||
- 评价整体架构的开闭原则达成度 |
|||
|
|||
### 进阶AI探究(选做) |
|||
|
|||
> "假设我有一个CrawlStrategy接口和10个实现类。不用工厂模式,直接用一个Map<String, CrawlStrategy>存起来,key是策略名称。这和StrategyFactory设计有什么本质区别?各自的优缺点是什么?" |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 七、教学反思与调整记录 |
|||
|
|||
| 日期 | 事项 | 调整内容 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 2026-05-01 | 首次编写 | 基于W9骨架,引入策略模式+工厂+Repository | |
|||
| 2026-05-07 | 结构优化 | 调整策略模式与工厂的讲解顺序,先策略后工厂更自然 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 附录1:W9到W10改动对照表 |
|||
|
|||
| 改动项 | W9代码 | W10代码 | |
|||
|--------|--------|---------| |
|||
| 数据存储 | `List<Article> articles` | `ArticleRepository repository` | |
|||
| Command接口 | `execute(String[], List<Article>)` | `execute(String[], ArticleRepository)` | |
|||
| 解析逻辑位置 | `CrawlCommand`内部 | 各`CrawlStrategy`实现类 | |
|||
| URL匹配 | 无(硬编码) | `StrategyFactory.getStrategy(url)` | |
|||
| 数据添加 | `articles.add(article)` | `repository.add(article)` | |
|||
| 数据读取 | 直接遍历`articles` | `repository.getAll()` | |
|||
|
|||
## 附录2:常见问题速查 |
|||
|
|||
| 问题 | 解答 | |
|||
|------|------| |
|||
| 策略模式和Command模式有什么区别? | Command封装“动作”(做什么事),Strategy封装“算法”(怎么做)。在爬虫中:crawl是命令(动作),如何解析是策略(算法)。 | |
|||
| 工厂一定要叫Factory吗? | 不必须。但叫Factory意味着“创建对象”的职责,符合模式命名的惯例。 | |
|||
| `Collections.unmodifiableList()`有什么用? | 返回一个只读视图,调用add/remove等方法会抛`UnsupportedOperationException`。 | |
|||
| Repository和DAO有什么区别? | 在我们的上下文中可以视为同义词。严谨地说,Repository是领域驱动设计的概念,更偏向“集合语义”;DAO更偏数据库操作。 | |
|||
| 策略的`supports()`返回true但解析失败怎么办? | 那是策略实现的bug,该策略应修复。Factory不负责验证策略的正确性。 | |
|||
|
|||
## 附录3:教学逻辑说明 |
|||
|
|||
| 顺序 | 内容 | 设计理由 | |
|||
|------|------|----------| |
|||
| 1 | W9回顾+痛点暴露 | 承上启下,从已知问题引出新知识 | |
|||
| 2 | 策略模式 | 解决解析逻辑耦合问题,深化多态理解 | |
|||
| 3 | 解析器工厂 | 解决策略选择问题,引入工厂模式 | |
|||
| 4 | Repository模式 | 解决数据安全问题,实践封装原则 | |
|||
| 5 | 架构串联 | 将所有部件统一,形成完整心智模型 | |
|||
| 6 | 代码落地 | 实践验证,从“听懂”到“会做” | |
|||
| 7 | 架构反思+预告 | 暴露新问题,为W11健壮性工程铺垫 | |
|||
|
|||
--- |
|||
|
|||
## 版本说明 |
|||
|
|||
- **v1(本版)**:基于W9教案模式首次编写,包含策略模式、工厂模式、Repository模式的完整引入 |
|||
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.model; |
|||
|
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.Objects; |
|||
|
|||
public class Article { |
|||
private String title; |
|||
private String url; |
|||
private String content; |
|||
private String author; |
|||
private String publicDate; |
|||
|
|||
public Article() { |
|||
this.title = ""; |
|||
this.url = ""; |
|||
this.content = ""; |
|||
this.author = ""; |
|||
this.publicDate = ""; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public Article(String title, String url, String content) { |
|||
this.title = sanitize(title); |
|||
this.url = sanitize(url); |
|||
this.content = sanitize(content); |
|||
this.author = ""; |
|||
this.publicDate = ""; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public Article(String title, String url, String content, String author, String publicDate) { |
|||
this.title = sanitize(title); |
|||
this.url = sanitize(url); |
|||
this.content = sanitize(content); |
|||
this.author = sanitize(author); |
|||
this.publicDate = sanitize(publicDate); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
private String sanitize(String value) { |
|||
return value == null ? "" : value.trim(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getTitle() { |
|||
return title; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setTitle(String title) { |
|||
this.title = sanitize(title); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getUrl() { |
|||
return url; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setUrl(String url) { |
|||
this.url = sanitize(url); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getContent() { |
|||
return content; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setContent(String content) { |
|||
this.content = sanitize(content); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getAuthor() { |
|||
return author; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setAuthor(String author) { |
|||
this.author = sanitize(author); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String getPublicDate() { |
|||
return publicDate; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void setPublicDate(String publicDate) { |
|||
this.publicDate = sanitize(publicDate); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean hasTitle() { |
|||
return title != null && !title.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean hasUrl() { |
|||
return url != null && !url.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean hasContent() { |
|||
return content != null && !content.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean hasAuthor() { |
|||
return author != null && !author.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean hasPublicDate() { |
|||
return publicDate != null && !publicDate.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean isValid() { |
|||
return hasTitle() && hasUrl(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public static List<Article> createList(int count) { |
|||
List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { |
|||
articles.add(new Article()); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public static Article of(String title, String url) { |
|||
return new Article(title, url, ""); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public static Article of(String title, String url, String content) { |
|||
return new Article(title, url, content); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public static Article of(String title, String url, String content, String author, String publicDate) { |
|||
return new Article(title, url, content, author, publicDate); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public boolean equals(Object o) { |
|||
if (this == o) return true; |
|||
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false; |
|||
Article article = (Article) o; |
|||
return Objects.equals(title, article.title) && |
|||
Objects.equals(url, article.url); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public int hashCode() { |
|||
return Objects.hash(title, url); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String toString() { |
|||
return "Article{" + |
|||
"title='" + title + '\'' + |
|||
", url='" + url + '\'' + |
|||
", author='" + author + '\'' + |
|||
", publicDate='" + publicDate + '\'' + |
|||
", contentLength=" + (content != null ? content.length() : 0) + |
|||
'}'; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String toSummary() { |
|||
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); |
|||
sb.append("标题: ").append(title).append("\n"); |
|||
sb.append("URL: ").append(url).append("\n"); |
|||
if (hasAuthor()) { |
|||
sb.append("作者: ").append(author).append("\n"); |
|||
} |
|||
if (hasPublicDate()) { |
|||
sb.append("日期: ").append(publicDate).append("\n"); |
|||
} |
|||
return sb.toString(); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ |
|||
package com.example.datacollect.repository; |
|||
|
|||
import com.example.datacollect.model.Article; |
|||
import java.util.ArrayList; |
|||
import java.util.Collections; |
|||
import java.util.List; |
|||
import java.util.Objects; |
|||
|
|||
public class ArticleRepository { |
|||
private final List<Article> articles = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
|
|||
public void add(Article article) { |
|||
if (article == null) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Article cannot be null"); |
|||
} |
|||
if (!article.isValid()) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Article must have valid title and url"); |
|||
} |
|||
articles.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void addAll(List<Article> articleList) { |
|||
if (articleList == null) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Article list cannot be null"); |
|||
} |
|||
for (Article article : articleList) { |
|||
if (article != null && article.isValid()) { |
|||
articles.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void addAll(Article... articles) { |
|||
if (articles == null) { |
|||
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Articles array cannot be null"); |
|||
} |
|||
for (Article article : articles) { |
|||
add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public List<Article> getAll() { |
|||
return Collections.unmodifiableList(articles); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public Article get(int index) { |
|||
if (index < 0 || index >= articles.size()) { |
|||
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: " + index + ", Size: " + articles.size()); |
|||
} |
|||
return articles.get(index); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public Article findById(String url) { |
|||
if (url == null || url.isEmpty()) { |
|||
return null; |
|||
} |
|||
for (Article article : articles) { |
|||
if (url.equals(article.getUrl())) { |
|||
return article; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return null; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public List<Article> findByTitle(String keyword) { |
|||
if (keyword == null || keyword.isEmpty()) { |
|||
return Collections.emptyList(); |
|||
} |
|||
List<Article> result = new ArrayList<>(); |
|||
for (Article article : articles) { |
|||
if (article.getTitle().contains(keyword)) { |
|||
result.add(article); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return result; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean remove(Article article) { |
|||
if (article == null) { |
|||
return false; |
|||
} |
|||
return articles.remove(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean removeByUrl(String url) { |
|||
if (url == null || url.isEmpty()) { |
|||
return false; |
|||
} |
|||
for (int i = 0; i < articles.size(); i++) { |
|||
if (url.equals(articles.get(i).getUrl())) { |
|||
articles.remove(i); |
|||
return true; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return false; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public void clear() { |
|||
articles.clear(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public int size() { |
|||
return articles.size(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean isEmpty() { |
|||
return articles.isEmpty(); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean contains(Article article) { |
|||
return articles.contains(article); |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public boolean containsUrl(String url) { |
|||
if (url == null || url.isEmpty()) { |
|||
return false; |
|||
} |
|||
for (Article article : articles) { |
|||
if (url.equals(article.getUrl())) { |
|||
return true; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
return false; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
@Override |
|||
public String toString() { |
|||
return "ArticleRepository{size=" + articles.size() + "}"; |
|||
} |
|||
|
|||
public String toDetailedString() { |
|||
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); |
|||
sb.append("ArticleRepository{size=").append(articles.size()).append("}\n"); |
|||
for (int i = 0; i < articles.size(); i++) { |
|||
sb.append(i + 1).append(". ").append(articles.get(i).toSummary()); |
|||
} |
|||
return sb.toString(); |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ |
|||
package 泛型; |
|||
|
|||
public class Pair <K,V> { |
|||
private K key; |
|||
private V value; |
|||
|
|||
public Pair(K key,V value) { |
|||
this.key = key; |
|||
this.value = value; |
|||
} |
|||
public K getKey() { |
|||
return key; |
|||
} |
|||
public V getValue() { |
|||
return value; |
|||
} |
|||
} |
|||
Loading…
Reference in new issue